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Title: Zambia Human Rights Practices, 1995
Author: U.S. Department of State
Date: March 1996
ZAMBIA
Zambia is a republic governed by a president, a unicameral national
assembly, and a constitutionally independent judiciary. After two
decades of one-party rule, free and fair multiparty elections in October
1991 resulted in the victory of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy
(MMD) and the election of President Frederick J.T. Chiluba, a former
trade unionist. In addition to the former ruling party, the United
National Independence Party (UNIP), approximately 40 opposition parties
were active to varying degrees.
The police, divided into regular and paramilitary units, operating under
the Ministry of Home Affairs, have primary responsibility for
maintaining law and order. The Zambia Intelligence Security Service,
under the office of the president, is responsible for intelligence and
internal security. The police continued to commit numerous serious
abuses.
During 1995 the Chiluba Government continued its free market economic
reform program. However, changes in economic policy early in the year
led to reversals on inflation, currency stabilization, and real interest
rates. New taxes were required to get back on track. Allegations of
high-level corruption in the Government continued. Poor rains during
the 1994-95 growing season resulted in a reduced harvest of maize, the
staple food, and renewed appeals to donors. Although the key copper
industry benefitted from increased world prices, production continued to
fall, resulting in a significant loss of income. Successful
privatization in other industries has created some jobs.
The Government continued to take steps to address one of the most
serious human rights problems, police brutality. Throughout the year
the government-appointed Human Rights Commission aggressively pursued
allegations of past and present human rights abuses and kept public
attention focused on incidents of police wrongdoing. Nevertheless, by
year's end much remained to be done to restore professionalism and
discipline to the police force. Despite reform efforts begun in 1994,
including human rights training and punishment of some offenders, the
police continued to commit abuses, including beatings and extrajudicial
killing of criminal suspects and detainees.
The Government generally respected Zambians' civil liberties but as the
year ended, a number of actions raised doubts about its commitment to an
open and fair electoral process in the period before the October 1996
national elections. These actions included acceptance of clauses in the
draft constitution, presented to President Chiluba in June, that would
bar former President Kenneth Kaunda from running for president, public
statements by Government leaders threatening
Kaunda with deportation, and delays in updating voter registration
rolls. The delays led to the indefinite postponment of nationwide local
government elections originally scheduled for November. In addition,
although the press publishes freely, the Government has persisted in
attempts to limit freedom of the press. Prison conditions deteriorated
further, posing an increased threat to the health and lives of inmates,
and women continued to experience discrimination in both law and fact.
Wife beating and rape remained widespread.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom
from:
a. Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing
There were no reports of political killings during the year, but police
continued to use excessive force that often resulted in extrajudicial
killings. According to reliable press reports, almost all based on
statements by police spokesmen, police killed approximately 17 criminal
suspects during the year. Most of these killings allegedly occurred
when police attempted to apprehend suspects during the commission of
crimes.
In December army recruits at a training facility north of Kapiri Mposhi
attacked several villages in retaliation for the death of one of their
fellow recruits at the hands of three villagers. They killed 2
civilians and left 1,000 temporarily homeless. The Government provided
some financial compensation and the Ministry of Defense promised to
investigate and take appropriate action. At year's end, however, no
action had been taken against the soldiers who attacked the villages.
Throughout the year, government officials, nongovernmental organizations
(NGO's), and the press closely scrutinized police involvement in human
rights abuses, criminal activity, and corruption. Francis Ndhlovu,
Inspector General of Police, continued to exercise his mandate to reform
the force. Ndhlovu instituted a variety of measures designed to restore
discipline, professionalism, and respect for human rights, including
police training in respect for human rights. Ndhlovu cooperated with
the Human Rights Commission by making police officers available to
testify. He also undertook investigations of instances of police use of
excessive force, disciplining officers who committed human rights
abuses. According to statistics made available by Inspector General
Ndhlovu, at least 15 police officers were the subjects of internal
investigations or prosecutions between January and September. Further,
according to press reports, the authorities arrested at least 10 police
officers between January 1 and September 15 on such criminal charges as
robbery and possession of illegal narcotics. One officer has been
convicted for an assault on a Member of Parliament.
The Human Rights Commission, chaired by prominent attorney Bruce
Munyama, aggressively examined police human rights abuses in public
hearings held in the first half of the year. These hearings not only
brought to light numerous abuses, but they also forced police officers
to account for their behavior in sworn testimony. In September the
Commission submitted its final report to the President, including
recommendations to improve the human rights performance of the police.
The report is expected to be published in the near future.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
Although the 1991 Constitution prohibits torture, police regularly used
excessive force when apprehending, interrogating, and detaining criminal
suspects or illegal aliens. In most such instances, detaining officers
beat suspects. During the year, the Human Rights Commission heard
testimony from numerous credible witnesses who said that police had
assaulted and beaten them. The Government took no action to discipline
police officers for past incidents of abuse or torture.
Deteriorating prison conditions posed an increasing threat to prisoners'
lives. According to official statistics, prisons designed to hold 6,500
prisoners held over 12,000. This severe overcrowding, combined with
poor sanitation, inadequate medical facilities, meager food supplies,
and lack of potable water resulted in serious outbreaks of dysentery and
other diseases at various prisons throughout the year. The press
reported that on numerous occasions, prisons ran out of food and
prisoners were fed only coarse hominy and salt.
d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile
Criminal suspects are often arrested on the basis of flimsy evidence or
an uncorroborated accusation. In these and other criminal cases, the
law requires that a detainee be charged and brought before a magistrate
within 24 hours. Pretrial detainees are allowed access by attorneys and
family members. In practice, the authorities hold most detainees for
more than 1 month from the time of arrest to first appearance before a
magistrate. In many cases, an additional period of 6 months elapses
before the magistrate commits the defendant to the High Court for trial.
Following committal, preparation of the magistrate court record for
transmittal to the High Court takes months--in some cases as long as a
year. Once a case reaches the High Court for trial, court proceedings
last an average of 6 months.
Approximately 3,000 of the 12,000 prisoners are awaiting trial on
criminal charges. In a few cases, defendants have been awaiting trial
for 10 years. These long delays are the result of inadequate resources,
inefficiency, lack of trained personnel, and broad rules of procedure
that give wide latitude to prosecutors and defense attorneys to request
adjournments. Although there is a functioning bail system, overcrowded
prisons reflect the large number of detainees who have committed serious
offenses for which bail is not granted. These include murder,
aggravated robbery, and since 1993, violations of the narcotics laws.
Also, poor or indigent detainees rarely have the financial means to post
bail. The government legal aid office is responsible for providing
legal representation to poor or indigent detainees and defendants in
criminal or civil cases. In practice, few receive assistance. In 1995
the office had 15 attorneys to cover the entire country and a budget of
$110,000.
According to well-informed sources, police stations frequently become
"debt collection centers," where police officers, acting upon an
unofficial complaint, will detain a debtor without charge indefinitely
until he or she pays the complainant. In return, the police receive a
percentage of the payment. This situation is commonplace among police
stations in Copperbelt province.
The authorities held approximately 550 foreigners, principally from
neighboring countries, as illegal aliens until they could deport them.
At times, these detentions last months or years. In the past the
Government has not used exile for political purposes. In October,
however, government leaders publicly questioned the citizenship of
former President Kaunda and said that he could be liable to deportation.
The Government backpedalled when a police summons to Kaunda to appear
for questioning sparked disturbances in Lusaka. At year's end, the
Government had not again broached the question of Kaunda's nationality.
However, the case surrounding the 1994 deportation of John Chinula, a
member of the Central Committee of UNIP, continued in the courts.
Minister of Home Affairs Chitalu Sampa said that Chinula had been
determined by the Government to have been a "prohibited immigrant" who
entered Zambia illegally from Malawi, where the Government alleged he
was born. Legal and human rights groups continued to protest the
deportation, asserting--along with Chinula--that Chinula had been born
in Zambia and that his deportation was a denial of due process. In
September the Lusaka High Court refused to grant habeas corpus to
Chinula, stating that he was in fact a citizen of Malawi, and therefore
had no right to bring a case in a Zambian court following his
deportation to his native country. Chinula's longstanding ties to
Zambia and his prominence as a politician raised questions about the
Government's motives in deporting him.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the
Government respects the independence of the judiciary in practice. The
President nominates and the National Assembly confirms the Chief Justice
and the other eight members of the Supreme Court. The Court has
appellate jurisdiction for all legal and constitutional disputes.
Several high courts have authority to hear criminal and civil cases and
appeals from lower courts. Magistrate courts have original jurisdiction
in some criminal and civil cases, while local, or customary, courts
handle most civil cases at the local level.
Local courts employ the principles of customary law, which vary widely
throughout the country. Lawyers are barred from participating, and
there are few formal rules of procedure. Presiding judges, who are
usually prominent local citizens, have great power to invoke customary
law in rendering judgments regarding weddings, divorces, inheritances,
other civil proceedings, and minor criminal matters. Judgments are
often not in accordance with the Penal Code; for example, they tend to
discriminate against women in matters of inheritance (see Section 5).
Trials in magistrate courts are public, and defendants have the
opportunity to confront accusers and present witnesses.
Proceedings against all but two of the UNIP members detained in
connection with the 1993 state of emergency have been concluded, and
none of the detainees are currently in custody. Regarding the two
outstanding cases, Bwendo Mulengela was found guilty of conspiring
against the state and sentenced to a short prison term. He is free on
bond pending the outcome of his appeal. Kenneth Kuanda's son Wezi was
released on bond pending a final ruling in his case.
There were no reports of political prisoners.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or
Correspondence
The Constitution provides for respect for privacy and the inviolability
of the home, and the authorities generally respected these rights in
practice.
Except during a state of emergency, the law requires a warrant before
police may enter a home. Roundups of suspected illegal aliens in the
home or workplace continued. According to the government Commissioner
for Refugees, immigration officials are empowered under the law to
conduct these roundups without a warrant.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
While the Constitution provides for freedom of expression and of the
press, the Penal Code lists various prohibited activities that may be
broadly interpreted and in effect restrict freedom of expression and the
press. By year's end, no action had been taken on media reform
proposals to revise many of these archaic penal code provisions. The
Government generally respected freedom of expression, but invoked these
restrictive laws--for example, prohibiting defamation of the President--
in selected cases. The Government or its appointed officials filed
numerous libel and defamation suits against the independent biweekly
newspaper, The Post, in response to a series of headlines and articles
focusing on issues of corruption and controversial government policies.
In June the Government attempted to use extralegal means to deny The
Post access to a parastatal printing facility, but quickly abandoned its
effort under public pressure.
Zambian law includes provisions for investigative tribunals to call as
witnesses journalists and media managers who print allegations of
parliamentary misconduct. Failure to cooperate with the tribunal may
result in charges of contempt punishable by up to 6 months. This is
seen by the media as a clear infringement on press freedom and a means
for parliamentarians to bypass the clogged court system in dealing with
libel suits against the media. The Press Association of Zambia has its
own media ethics code and a voluntary industry ethics board.
The Government owns the two most widely circulated newspapers, as well
as the sole television station, ZNBC. In addition to the Government-
controlled radio station, one Christian missionary affiliated station
operated in Zambia. A number of independent newspapers actively
question government actions and policies and circulate without
government interference. In August ZNBC, and MNET, a South African
company, together launched a subscriber television service. It
rebroadcasts the British Broadcasting Corporation's World News but
provides no local news reporting. The Government exercises considerable
influence over the government-owned media, which to an increasing degree
have followed the government line on important issues.
The Government took no action to restrain academic freedom during the
year.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The Constitution provides for freedom of peaceful assembly and
association. In practice, the Government generally respected these
provisions, but as the year unfolded it demonstrated increased readiness
to use the Public Order Act of 1955 to prohibit selected political
assemblies. Under this Act, persons or organizations wishing to hold an
assembly, public meeting, or procession must first apply for a permit.
The Government routinely granted these permits to political parties and
nonpolitical organizations, but it twice denied permits to former
President Kaunda, arresting him in both cases for illegal assembly.
Court proceedings in these cases had not concluded by year's end. In
October the Government revoked permission for NGO's and church leaders
to march in protest of the Government's rejection of several
recommendations of the Constitutional Review Commission, and a number of
NGO and church leaders were briefly detained. All organizations must
apply formally for registration to the Registrar of Societies. In most
cases the authorities routinely approved these applications.
c. Freedom of Religion
Freedom of religion is provided for in the Constitution. The Government
respects this right in practice.
d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel,
Emigration, and Repatriation
The Constitution provides citizens with the right to move freely
throughout Zambia, to reside in any part of the country, and to depart
and return to the country without restriction. The authorities
generally respected these rights, but police roadblocks to control
criminal activity continued, and police sometimes extorted money and
goods from motorists.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that
there were approximately 113,000 refugees, mainly Angolans, in Zambia in
1995. The Government cooperated with the UNHCR in processing
applications for refugee status.
A steady trickle of Zairians continued to cross into Zambia during the
year. In response to alleged criminal activities of many Zairians in
the border region, the Government rounded up, arrested, and deported
many Zairians and other illegal aliens throughout the year. The
deportation of illegal aliens is lawful, but Zairians and others who had
been accorded refugee status by the UNHCR were sometimes detained and
held for varying lengths of time before being released. In several
cases, the Government deported refugees who were registered with the
UNHCR.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to
Change Their Government
Citizens exercised the right to change their government in free and fair
multiparty elections in 1991, following years of one-party rule by UNIP.
Elections for President and the National Assembly are scheduled for
1996. The ruling MMD controls the National Assembly.
Under the 1991 Constitution the President wields broad authority.
Although the National Assembly ratifies major appointments and has other
powers, in practice it continued during 1995 to provide only a limited
check on executive authority.
The pace of constitutional reform increased during the year as the 24-
member Constitutional Review Commission completed its work and delivered
a draft constitution to the President in June. The draft contained
controversial clauses that would bar former President Kaunda from
running for the presidency in 1996. One clause required a candidate's
parents to have been born in Zambia; Kaunda's parents were born during
the colonial era in what would later become Malawi. In September the
Government issued a White Paper that approved this recommendation. The
White Paper also proposed that the amendments to the constitution be
approved by the National Assembly, in which the ruling MMD enjoyed a
large majority, rather than by a constituent assembly or by referendum.
Amid the public debate that ensued, opposition parties strongly
criticized both recommendations.
Although the MMD continued to be the dominant political force, UNIP
showed strength in a number of by-elections following the return of
former President Kaunda to its leadership. The National Party, formed
in 1993, struggled to remain a viable party, but experienced serious
setbacks including defections to the ruling MMD of some of its leading
members. The opposition accused the MMD of using political intimidation
and economic reprisals in an effort to create a de facto one-party
state.
During the year, there were approximately 40 political parties in
operation. Several contested national assembly by-elections. These
elections generally featured a low turnout of registered voters, and
while the MMD's use of government resources--including the state-owned
media--during campaigns probably did not affect their outcomes, their
fairness was put into question. The urgent need for updated voter
registration rolls (last done in 1987) and the Government's failure to
implement a transparent, effective registration project raised doubts
about the Government's willingness to have an open electoral process.
Lack of a new voter register led the Government to postpone indefinitely
nationwide local government elections scheduled for November.
The number of women in politics and government is increasing, but the
total remains small. Some women now serve as cabinet ministers, deputy
ministers, members of the National Assembly, and ministerial permanent
secretaries. Women are also represented among elected local government
officials and leaders of nongovernmental organizations in greater
number.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A number of human rights and civic organizations operated without
government hindrance. These include the Law Association of Zambia, the
Foundation for Democratic Process, and the Zambia Civic Education
Association (ZCEA). Other groups were active in promoting women's civil
and political rights. The government-appointed Human Rights Commission
operated throughout the year and, as previously noted, was a vigorous
human rights advocate. In general, the Government continued to be
receptive to criticism from human rights and civic organizations, but on
occasion, government officials, including the Home Affairs Minister,
accused human rights monitors of abetting crime and thwarting the work
of the police through their focus on the victims of police brutality.
Although a dispute over course content had disrupted human rights
training in 1994, the ZCEA and police agreed to resume the training in
early 1995 at the police training academy. Police officers regularly
appeared before the Human Rights Commission. The Government was
receptive to inquiries and visits by international human rights
organizations.
Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability,
Language, or Social Status
The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, tribe, sex,
place of origin, marital status, political opinion, color, or creed;
however, the Government does not effectively enforce the prohibition
against discrimination based on sex.
Women
Violence against women remained a serious problem. Wife beating and
rape were commonplace. According to official statistics, over 2,500
rape cases were reported to the police between 1990 and 1995. Of these,
approximately 30 percent resulted in conviction and 5 percent in
acquittal. The remainder were either dismissed or remain unresolved.
Defendants convicted of rape normally were sentenced to prison at hard
labor. Since many rapes are not reported to the police, the actual
number is considered much higher. Domestic assault is a criminal
offense, but in practice police are often reluctant to pursue reports of
wife beating, preferring to broker a reconciliation. The Government and
NGO's expressed increasing concern about violence against women, and the
media devoted considerable publicity to it during the year.
Both the Constitution and law entitle women to full equality with men in
most areas. In practice, however, women are severely disadvantaged
compared to men in formal employment and education. Married women who
are employed often suffer from discriminatory conditions of service.
For example, allowances for housing and children and tax rebates to
which they as employees are entitled often accrue to their husbands.
Similarly, women have little independent access to credit facilities; in
most cases, they remain dependent on husbands, who are required to sign
for loans. As a result, few women own their own homes.
Customary law and practice also place women in subordinate status with
respect to property, inheritance, and marriage, despite various
constitutional and legislative provisions. Under traditional customs
prevalent in most ethnic groups, all rights to inherit property rest
with the deceased man's family. The 1989 Intestate Succession Act is
designed to guarantee women a share of the joint estate. Under this
Act, the children of a deceased man share equally 50 percent; the widow
receives 20 percent; the parents, 20 percent; and relatives, 10 percent.
In practice, "property grabbing" by the relatives of the deceased man
continues to be rampant, particularly when local customary courts have
jurisdiction. These courts often use a different law, the Local Courts
Act, to distribute inheritances without reference to the percentages
mandated in the Succession Act. As a result, many widows receive little
or nothing from the estate. Fines mandated by the Succession Act for
property grabbing are extraordinarily low. The Ministry of Legal
Affairs and NGO's promised to amend the law to safeguard the rights of
women more effectively and to increase the penalties for violations. By
year's end, however, an amended Succession Act had not yet been
introduced in the National Assembly.
Children
The Government seeks to improve the welfare of children, but scarce
resources and ineffective implementation of social programs adversely
affected the welfare of children and adults alike. Due to harsh
economic conditions, both rural and urban children often must work in
the informal sector to help families make ends meet (see Section 6.d.).
There was no pattern of discrimination or societal abuse against
children.
People with Disabilities
Persons with disabilities face significant societal discrimination in
employment and education. The Government took steps to ameliorate their
hardship, including the establishment of a national trust fund to
provide loans to the disabled to help them start businesses. The
Government has not legislated or otherwise mandated accessibility to
public buildings and services for the disabled.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The Constitution provides for the right of citizens to form trade
unions, and approximately 60 percent of the 300,000 formal sector
workers are unionized. Most of the country's national unions, organized
by industry or profession, are affiliated with the Zambia Congress of
Trade Unions (ZCTU). The ZCTU is democratically operated and, like its
constituent unions, is independent of any political party and the
Government. By a majority vote of its members, a union may decide on
affiliation with the ZCTU or with trade unions or organizations outside
Zambia. The ZCTU is a member of the International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions. Labor leaders travel without restriction to international
conferences and to visit counterparts abroad. The Mine Workers Union of
Zambia and a number of other ZCTU constituent unions broke from the ZCTU
and established a rival umbrella organization.
The 1993 Industrial and Labor Relations Act (ILRA) reestablished the
"one industry, one union" principle, but in April Labor Minister
Newstead Zimba announced that the Government had ratified International
Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions 87 and 98 on freedom of
association, requiring the abolition of the one industry, one union
principle and paving the way for the free registration of trade unions
in Zambia. By year's end, however, the National Assembly had not yet
passed the required implementing amendments to the ILRA. As a result,
the legal status of the new labor umbrella organization and a number of
new unions remained uncertain.
All workers have the right to strike, except those engaged in essential
services, the Zambia Defense Force, the judiciary, the police, the
prison service, and the intelligence security service. The ILRA defines
essential services as power, medical, water, sewerage, firefighting, and
certain mining occupations essential to safety. It permits strikes only
after all other legal recourse has been exhausted, and in practice all
work stoppages during the year were illegal. The ILRA prohibits
employers from retribution against employees engaged in legal trade
union activities. Workers engaged in illegal strikes do not enjoy this
protection, and there were at least two instances in 1994 when employers
fired workers engaged in illegal strikes.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The right to bargain collectively is established by legislation and is
contained in the ILRA. Employers and unions in each industry negotiate
collective bargaining agreements through joint councils in which there
is no government involvement. In practice, the industry joint councils
function effectively as collective bargaining units. Civil servants and
teachers, as public officials, negotiate directly with the Government.
Collective disputes are first referred to a conciliator or a board of
conciliation. If conciliation fails to resolve the dispute, the parties
may refer the case to the Industrial Relations Court or, in the case of
employees, vote to strike. In practice, legal strikes under the ILRA
are rare. The ILRA prohibits antiunion discrimination by employers
against union members and organizers. An employee who believes he or
she has been penalized for union activities may, after exhausting any
existing administrative channels for relief, file a complaint with the
Industrial Relations Court. This Court has the power to order
appropriate redress for the aggrieved worker. The complainant may
appeal a judgment of the Industrial Relations Court to the Supreme
Court. In practice, the Court often orders employers to reinstate
workers found to have been the victims of discrimination.
There are no export processing zones.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The Constitution prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, but it
authorizes citizens to be called upon to perform labor in specific
instances, for example, during national emergencies or disasters.
Moreover, a citizen can be required to perform labor that is associated
with traditional civic or communal obligations, as when all members of a
village are called upon to assist in preparing for a visit by a
traditional leader or other dignitary.
d. Minimum Age for Employment of Children
By legislation, the minimum age for employment of children is 16 years.
The Labor Commissioner effectively enforces this law in the industrial
sector, in which, because of the high demand for employment by adults,
there are no jobs available to children. The law is not enforced,
however, for those who work in the subsistence agricultural, domestic
service, and informal sectors, where persons under age 16 are often
employed. In urban areas children commonly engage in street vending.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The minimum wage for nonunionized workers is set at $0.08 (70.30 kwacha)
per hour. The minimum wage applies to nonunionized workers in
categories such as general workers, cleaners, office orderlies, and
watchmen. The minimum wage is insufficient to provide an adequate
standard of living, and most minimum wage earners must supplement their
incomes through second jobs, subsistence farming, or reliance on the
extended family.
With respect to unionized workers, each industry sets its own wage
scales and maximum workweek limits through collective bargaining. In
practice, almost all unionized workers receive salaries considerably
higher than the nonunion minimum wage. The minimum workweek for full-
time employment is 40 hours and is, in practice, the normal workweek.
The law requires 2 days of annual leave per month of service.
The law also regulates minimum health and safety standards in industry,
and the Department of Mines is responsible for enforcement. Factory
safety is handled by the Inspector of Factories under the Minister of
Labor, but staffing problems chronically limit enforcement
effectiveness. There are no legislative provisions to protect a worker
who refuses to work on safety grounds.
[end of document]
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