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Title: Mauritius Human Rights Practices, 1995
Author: U.S. Department of State
Date: March 1996
MAURITIUS
Mauritius is a parliamentary democracy governed by a Prime Minister, a
Council of Ministers, and a National Assembly. The Head of State is the
President, who is nominated by the Prime Minister and confirmed by the
Assembly, and whose powers are largely ceremonial. Fair and orderly
national and local elections, supervised by an independent commission,
take place at regular intervals, most recently on December 20. The
judiciary is independent, there are numerous political parties, both
large and small, and partisan politics are open and robust.
A paramilitary Special Mobile Force and Special Supporting Units under
civilian control are responsible for internal security. These forces,
under the command of the Commissioner of Police, are backed by a general
duty police force. They are largely apolitical and generally well-
trained, but the police committed some human rights abuses.
The economy is based on labor-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing
(mainly textiles), sugar, and tourism. About 85 percent of arable land
is planted with sugar cane. There is a generally high standard of
living; annual per capita income is approximately $3,250. The country
weathered well the global economic slowdown of the early 1990's and is
now attempting to diversify its economy by promoting investment in new
sectors, such as electronics, and developing Mauritius as a regional
financial center.
The Government's human rights record improved, but problem areas
remained. There continued to be occasional reports that police abused
suspects and detainees. The Government continued to use the National
Intelligence Unit to monitor opposition party activities. Violence
against women and child labor appeared to be on the rise, despite
government efforts to address these problems. The Government made
progress in addressing police brutality and advancing the legal status
of women.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom
from:
a. Political and Extrajudicial Killing
There were no reports of political or other extrajudicial killings.
The investigation into the 1994 death of a suspect in police custody who
burned to death in his cell is complete but the results had not been
released by year's end.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
Torture and inhuman punishment are prohibited by law, but there were
several reports of police brutality, involving mistreatment of
individuals on the street as well as of suspects in custody. The
Commissioner of Police continued to display a willingness to pursue such
reports of abuse.
Because of the Police Commissioner's crackdown on crime, prisons have
become overcrowded and prison sanitation inadequate.
d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile
The Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile and the
Government generally observes these prohibitions. Last year's
constitutional amendment which would allow the Government to detain
suspected drug traffickers indefinitely without trial or the possibility
of bail came into force in November (see Section 1.e.).
The Government does not use exile as a means of political control.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the
Government generally respects this provision in practice. Some critics
believed that the executive interfered with the judiciary. Legal
experts noted concern about overt manipulation of the judiciary as well
as political influence over the Commissioner of Police, the Director of
Public Prosecutions, and the Anticorruption Tribunal.
The judicial system consists of the Supreme Court, which has appellate
powers, and a series of lower courts. Final appeal may be made to the
Judicial Committee in the United Kingdom (the Privy Council), and was
routine in the case of death sentences until the Abolition of the Death
Penalty Act was passed in July. At year's end, the act had not been
signed by the President, but the judiciary has stopped issuing death
sentences. There are no political or military courts. The judiciary
provides citizens with a fair and efficient judicial process.
Defendants have the right to private or court-appointed counsel.
However, in November the Assembly passed the Dangerous Drugs Act, which
would permit law enforcement authorities to hold suspected drug
traffickers for a limited time without access to bail or legal counsel.
The constitutionality of the law may be questioned.
There were no reports of political prisoners.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or
Correspondence
The sanctity of the home is provided for in law and generally respected
in practice. The search of personal property or premises is allowed
only under clearly specified conditions by court order or by police
action to stop a crime in progress. The Government's intelligence
apparatus continued to carry out illegal surveillance of local
opposition leaders and other major figures. In April the opposition
proposed a bill to establish a code of conduct for the intelligence arm
and define the "subversion and national security" clauses under which
the Government claims to use the unit. The bill was soundly defeated.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and
the Government generally respects these rights in practice. Debate in
the National Assembly is lively and open. There were occasional
complaints of government influence in editorial policies, but more than
a dozen privately owned daily, weekly, and monthly newspapers presented
varying political viewpoints and they expressed partisan views freely.
In 1995 three editors of independent newspapers resigned to accept
government positions, fueling speculation that the press was less
independent than previously believed. However, there was no evidence of
loss of independence in subsequent reporting by those newspapers. The
Government has the ability to counter press criticism by using strict
libel laws; however the Government did not use these laws to inhibit the
press in 1995. Libel suits between private parties are common.
The Government used the Official Secrets Act in October 1994 to arrest
two editors and the managing director of the weekly magazine Le Mag,
ostensibly for publishing an internal document; the document, which was
embarrassing to a public official, had been in the public domain for
more than a year. Opposition and press criticism led the Prime Minister
to say that the Commissioner of Police had acted legally but
overzealously; within 24 hours, the police released the three on bail.
While the case was pending at year's end, the three remained under an
"objection to departure" restriction for overseas travel.
The Government controls television and radio--the most important media.
Programming and editorial policies generally reflect government
interests. The Government gave opposition politicians slightly more
broadcast time in 1995 than in years past. However in February, the
Mauritius Broadcast Corporation director interrupted a talk show program
which had been discussing the controversial Nationality Law; it was
widely believed that the order to stop the broadcast was because of
comments critical of the Government. In December 1994, the Government
authorized the private use of "television reception only" satellite
dishes. Ownership and operation of private television and radio
stations is not permitted. However, foreign television broadcasts,
specifically "Skynews" from the United Kingdom and "Canal Plus" from
France became available to the general public via a subscriber service.
The Government generally respects academic freedom but has occasionally
censored books, usually citing national security reasons.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The Constitution provides for these rights, and the Government generally
respects them in practice. Police permission is required for
demonstrations and mass meetings; such permission is rarely refused and
groups have the right to challenge denials.
c. Freedom of Religion
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and the Government
respects this right in practice.
d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel,
Emigration, and Repatriation
The Constitution provides for these rights and the Government respects
them in practice.
There are no refugees in Mauritius, and the Government deals with asylum
requests on a case by case basis.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to
Change Their Government
The Constitution provides citizens with the right peacefully to change
their government, and citizens exercise this right in practice. Free
and fair elections based on universal suffrage were held on December 20.
The opposition coalition won all of the elected seats in the National
Assembly, and Labor Party leader Navinchandra Ramgoolam was sworn in as
Prime Minister, replacing Anerood Jugnauth, who had led the Government
since 1982.
The remote and isolated islands of Agalega and St. Brandon are an
exception to universal suffrage. Their nearly 500 citizens are not
registered as voters and have no representation in Parliament.
In the National Assembly, up to eight members are appointed through a
"best loser" system to ensure that all ethnic groups are represented.
Political parties often match the ethnicity of their candidates to the
ethnic composition of particular electoral districts.
Six of the 66 members of the Assembly are women.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A variety of human rights groups operate without government restriction,
investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases.
Government officials are cooperative and responsive to their views.
Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability,
Language, or Social Status
The Constitution specifically prohibits discrimination on the basis of
race, caste, place of origin, political opinion, color, creed, or sex.
The Government generally respects these provisions.
Women
Violence against women, particularly spousal abuse, is widespread and
increasing, according to the Ministry of Women's Rights and Family
Welfare, attorneys, and nongovernmental organizations. In March the
National Council of Women reported a 43 percent increase in registered
cases of domestic violence in 1994 over 1993. To address this issue,
the Ministry requested consultative assistance from the United Nation's
Children's Fund. There are no special provisions in Mauritian law
concerning family violence. Police are generally reluctant to become
involved in cases of spousal abuse.
Women have traditionally occupied a subordinate role in society, and
societal discrimination continues. The National Assembly addressed one
facet of this problem in 1995 when it amended the Citizenship Act to
permit women to transmit citizenship to their children and obtain
residence and work permits for their spouses, as do men. Nearly half of
Mauritian women work outside the home. The Government also moved to
promote greater equality by amending the Constitution to prohibit
discrimination against women.
Children
The Government placed a strong emphasis on the health and welfare of
children, and displayed a commitment to expand educational opportunities
for children. Reported incidents of child abuse are infrequent and
isolated, although private voluntary organizations claim that the
problem is more widespread than publicly acknowledged. At present, most
government programs are administered by the state-funded National
Children's Council, which provides counseling and investigates reports
of child abuse as well as takes "remedial action" to protect affected
children.
People with Disabilities
There is no discrimination against disabled persons in employment,
education, or in the provision of other state services. The law
requires organizations which employ more than 10 people to set aside at
least 3 percent of their positions for people with disabilities. The
law does not, however, require that work sites be accessible to the
disabled, making it difficult for people with disabilities to fill many
jobs. There is no law mandating access to public buildings or
facilities.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Tensions between the Hindu majority and Creole and Muslim minorities
persist. In 1995 the Supreme Court struck down a Government proposal
which would have favored the Hindu majority in educational opportunities
as violating the constitutional right to equal protection. This ruling
appeared to be a factor in the Government's decision to call new
elections at the end of the year. However, public attention to the
issue faded during the course of the campaign.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The Constitution explicitly protects the right of workers to associate
in trade unions, and Mauritius has an active trade union movement.
Almost 300 unions represent over 100,000 workers, more than 20 percent
of the total work force. With the exception of members of the
"disciplined force" (i.e., the police and the Special Mobile Force) and
persons in state services who are not public officers (e.g.,
contractors), workers are free to form and join unions and to organize
in all sectors including in the export processing zone (EPZ). Employers
sometimes intimidated prospective union members. Labor unions are
independent from the Government and in 1995 successfully appealed to the
Government to withdraw proposed legislation which would have further
curbed the ability of unions to strike. Unions can and do press wage
demands, establish ties to domestic political parties, and address
political issues. Unions are free to establish federations.
Under the Industrial Relations Act (IRA), unions have the legal right to
strike. In practice, however, the IRA requires a prestrike 21-day
cooling-off period, followed by binding arbitration, which has the
effect of making most strikes illegal. Moreover, the IRA states that
worker participation in an unlawful strike is sufficient grounds for
dismissal. According to Ministry of Labor statistics, there were seven
strikes.
Under the law, unions may and do establish ties with international labor
bodies.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The law protects the right of employees to bargain collectively with
their employers. However, the collective bargaining process is weakened
by excessive government intervention in the form of wage-setting in the
state sector, which is generally used as the basis for private-sector
pay. Wages are set by the National Remuneration Board, whose chairman
is appointed by the Minister of Labor. About 12 percent of the labor
force works for national or local government. The IRA prohibits
antiunion discrimination. There is an arbitration tribunal which
handles any such complaints.
Mauritius' export processing zone (EPZ) employs about 90,000 people.
While there are some EPZ-specific labor laws, such as provisions
allowing EPZ employers to require up to 10 hours per week of paid
overtime from their employees, workers in this sector enjoy the same
basic protections as non-EPZ workers. Statutory minimum wage levels in
the EPZ are somewhat lower than elsewhere, but due to the country's
labor shortage, actual wage levels are nearly double the minimum wage.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
Forced or compulsory labor is prohibited by law and not practiced.
d. Minimum Age for Employment of Children
The legal minimum age for employment of children is 15 years. The
Ministry of Labor is responsible for enforcement and conducts frequent
inspections. In June inspections revealed 46 underage workers and in
July 25 more. These findings led the Government to review its
inspection program and implement more systematic inspections,
particularly of smaller firms that tend to hire underage workers.
According to the Government's report, child labor in homes, on farms,
and in shops is common in Rodrigues, where inspection procedures are
less effective.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The Government administratively establishes minimum wages, which vary
according to the sector of employment, and it mandates minimum wage
increases each year based on inflation. The minimum wage for an
unskilled worker in the EPZ is about $12.25 (218.58 rupees) per week
effective July 1, while the lowest weekly wage for a non-EPZ worker is
about $13.25 (236.25 rupees). While this is significantly below the
level needed to provide an acceptable standard of living, the actual
market wage for most workers is much higher due to the present labor
shortage.
The standard legal workweek in the industrial sector is 45 hours. In
the EPZ an employee may be required to work an additional 10 hours per
week, although at a higher hourly wage.
In 1995 the Mauritius Labor Congress filed a complaint with the
International Labor Organization (ILO) regarding the wages and living
conditions of foreign workers. The ILO and the Government are both
investigating the complaint.
The Government sets health and safety standards and Ministry of Labor
officials inspect working conditions and ensure compliance with the 1988
Occupational Safety, Health, and Welfare Act. The small number of
inspectors limits the Government's enforcement ability, but the number
of occupational accidents has been cut nearly in half since the Act's
passage. Workers have the right to remove themselves from dangerous
situations without jeopardy to continued employment.
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