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TITLE: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993
DATE: JANUARY 31, 1994
AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
The Central African Republic (C.A.R.), ruled since 1981 by a
military regime under General Andre Dieudonne Kolingba, made a
peaceful transition from a military regime to a democratically
elected Government. On September 19, citizens elected
Ange-Felix Patasse, head of the Movement for the Liberation of
the Central African People (MLPC), President, and a new
National Assembly representing multiple political parties and
viewpoints. Despite General Kolingba's last-minute efforts to
subvert the process, and notwithstanding several incidents that
marred the voting, an 80-person international observer
delegation certified the validity of the outcome. In the
National Assembly elections, the new President's party, the
MLPC, did not gain a majority, winning only 33 of the 85 seats,
while the Confederation of Democratic Forces (CFD) coalition
gained 25 seats, and Kolingba's Central African Democratic
Assembly party (RDC) won 14 seats. The National Assembly
convened on November 8 and elected Hugues Dodozendi of the MLPC
as president of its Executive Bureau. Besides Dodozendi, 5
other MLPC members hold seats in the 11-member Executive
Bureau. The other five seats are held by members of five
different opposition parties.
The military and the national gendarmerie, under the Ministry
of Defense, share internal security responsibilities with the
civilian police force, under the direction of the Ministry of
Public Security. The Presidential Security Guard has been
commanded by Central African officers since mid-1993, when
French officers and trainers were relegated to advisory roles.
There were two serious incidents of military unrest in 1993
over nonpayment of salaries, resulting in two short-lived
mutinies and scattered human rights abuses. However, the
comportment of security forces during the preelectoral period
and the elections was professional.
The C.A.R. is a landlocked and sparsely populated country, most
of whose inhabitants practice subsistence agriculture. Its
principal exports are coffee, cotton, timber, tobacco, and
diamonds. Economic structural reforms begun in 1992 in
cooperation with international donors have had little success
because of unfavorable world economic trends and government
corruption and mismanagement. There were sweeping public
strikes over the issues of salary arrears and the pace of
political reform. However, following the October installation
of the new President, the strikes ended, and public sector
personnel, including teachers and doctors, returned to the
workplace.
The human rights situation improved markedly as the year
progressed, culminating in the democratic elections and the
installation of a new Government on October 22. However,
efforts by the Kolingba regime to halt the political reform
process and two military mutinies resulted in a number of human
rights abuses, including the killing of one person and the
deaths of two others under uncertain circumstances. Police
beatings of some detainees continued, and the Government is not
known to have punished those responsible. Other human rights
abuses included continuing discrimination and violence against
women and discrimination against Pygmies.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including
Freedom from:
a. Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing
Following a peaceful march on the Treasury by civil servants
demanding pay, lawless elements of the population looted the
downtown area as well as the market area west of town.
Security forces used excessive force in containing these
antigovernment riots on April 26 and 27, during which three
persons died.
On May 15, the Presidential Guard mutinied, and a member of the
Guard shot and killed a woman whose car was commandeered.
While the Prime Minister stated that the soldier responsible
would face criminal charges, the Kolingba government took no
action against him.
The Government did not honor its pledge to conduct an inquest
into the 1990 killing by security forces of Pierra Wanga nor
its pledge to release a report on the 1992 beating death of
opposition activist Jean-Claude Conjugo at the hands of
security forces during an antigovernment demonstration. There
were, however, no additional incidents of this sort in 1993.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearance.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment
Although the Penal Code prohibits torture and specifies
sanctions for those found guilty of physical abuse, credible
reports indicated that police beating and abuse of criminal
suspects occurs. In one instance, a diplomat observed security
forces administering a public beating to a detainee. As far as
is known, the Government did not punish those responsible.
Prison conditions are harsh, and inmates suffered from
extensive overcrowding until September 1, when, to celebrate
the 12th anniversary of his taking power, President Kolingba
issued a general amnesty, releasing thousands of prisoners from
20 prisons, including former President (Emperor) Bokassa.
d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile
Central African law stipulates that persons detained in
nonpolitical cases must be brought before a magistrate within
96 hours. In practice, this deadline is often not respected,
in part due to inefficient judicial procedures. Political
detainees may be held legally without charge for up to 2
months. Political detainees are defined in the law as "those
held for crimes against the security of the State." The C.A.R.
judicial system does not provide for bail, but persons are
often released on their own recognizance.
The Kolingba government abandoned the practice of arresting and
detaining labor leaders and opposition supporters as threats to
state security. It detained political activist Joseph
Bendounga for part of one morning following an antigovernment
riot and arrested Guy Mamadou Marabena of the MLPC for a brief
period, allegedly for vandalizing the property of a political
rival; he was released when the charges could not be
substantiated.
The Government released in the September 1 amnesty three
Sudanese nationals, Hafiz Abdel Galil, El Rayh Ahmed, and
Mohammed Zein Hassan from Ngaragba prison. They had been held
without charges since March 1990, reportedly for refusing to
pay a bribe to a local official.
There were no known instances of incommunicado detention, and
there were no known political detainees held by the Government
during the year.
Exile is not permitted by law and does not occur in practice.
The Government repeatedly stated that any person in self-exile
for strictly political reasons, rather than criminal, may
return home without fear of persecution. Several took
advantage of this policy. The best known remaining person in
exile is Rodolph Iddi-Lala. He was originally sought for
alleged criminal as well as political activities, and it was
not clear at year's end whether the September 1 amnesty applied
to those wanted for, but as yet not convicted for, criminal
offenses.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The judiciary consists of regular and military courts, with the
Supreme Court at the apex. In criminal cases, the accused have
the right to legal counsel, trials are public, and defendants
have the right to be present at their trials. These safeguards
are generally respected in practice, but the judiciary suffers
numerous shortcomings, including executive interference,
institutional neglect, inefficient administration of the law,
and shortages of trained personnel and material resources. The
High Court of Justice, a body created to try political cases,
did not convene and is virtually defunct.
President Kolingba appointed by decree a new Chief Justice to
the Supreme Court in June, following opposition accusations
that his predecessor was corrupt. While it was widely assumed
that Kolingba hoped to influence the Court through this
appointment, the Court acquitted itself honorably in tabulating
and proclaiming election results that led to a change of
government.
There were no political prisoners during 1993.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or
Correspondence
The Government rarely abused legal prohibitions on invasion of
the home without a warrant in civil and criminal cases. In
certain political and security cases, defined in Title IV of
the Penal Code, i.e., for treason, police are statutorily
permitted to search private property without written
authorization and do so in practice. The Kolingba regime
maintained its close watch, including telephone monitoring, on
opposition figures as the elections approached.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
There was increased official respect in 1993 for the right of
private citizens to speak publicly about political developments
or to criticize the Government or political parties. In the
election campaign, opposition leaders openly criticized the
policies of the Government and opposition rival candidates at
public rallies, in political broadsheets, and on the
government-controlled national radio and television.
One newspaper and both radio and television are government
owned and controlled. Journalists working for these entities
were not physically threatened, but few were permitted to offer
dissenting points of view. The pro-RDC Minister of
Communication initially refused the Prime Minister's
instructions to open the media to the opposition during the
electoral campaign, thus violating a key provision of the
Electoral Code, but he later relented.
During the preelectoral phase, the government media tacitly
supported President Kolingba with ample coverage of him, his
party, and his policies while neglecting other candidates, who
received proportionately less print or air time to express
their views. Prime Minister Lakoue's Social Democratic Party
(PSD) also received disproportionate media attention. The
media glossed over civil unrest and other politically relevant
issues for much of the year. Under the new Government, the
media are more open and objective. They cover opposition party
rallies and meetings and air uncensored interviews in which
opposition supporters and politicians are permitted to express
their views.
Opposition parties and groups published and distributed
manifestos and policy statements, usually in stenciled and
photocopied form without government restriction or censorship.
Similarly, foreign journalists were not impeded in their work.
Although a number of educators, including presidential
candidate Abel Goumba, were actively involved in political
activities, the University of Bangui remained on strike over
nonpayment of teachers' salaries for most of the year, and
issues of academic freedom were not tested.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The right of assembly is constitutionally provided for but is
restricted by regulations. A 1992 decree requires the
organizers of all demonstrations and public meetings to
register with the Government 48 hours before they occur. In
May the Ministry of Public Security refused to permit an
opposition rally. The police reportedly incited a riot the
same month by firing tear gas into a crowd of civil servants
who had been peacefully protesting arrears in payment of
salaries. However, subsequently there was no government
interference with political campaign rallies, and candidates
and their supporters circulated freely throughout the country.
The Government no longer enforced a 1961 law requiring all
associations to register annually as a means of influencing the
activities and policies of organizations opposed to the
Government. A 1991 law compelling all parties to register with
the Ministry of Public Security in order to participate legally
in the political process remained in force, but in practice it
had little effect on the political process. Registered
political parties and apolitical associations were permitted to
hold congresses, elect officials, and publicly debate policy
issues.
c. Freedom of Religion
There is no state religion, and a variety of religious
communities are active, including traditional African faiths,
Christian denominations, and Muslims. Religious organizations
and missionary groups are free to proselytize, worship, and
construct places of worship. However, religious groups must
register with the Government, and any group whose behavior is
considered subversive in nature remains subject to sanctions,
although no sanctions were imposed in 1993.
The Government lifted its 1986 ban on the activities of the
Jehovah's Witnesses community, but there is continued ambiguity
about the status of this group, since the document restoring
the group's rights states that it must obey undefined relevant
regulations and statutes. Human rights monitors argue that the
ban was unconstitutional in the first place.
d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign
Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation
People are free to move within the country, but police and
other officials sometimes harass travelers unwilling or unable
to pay bribes at checkpoints along major intercity roads and at
major Bangui intersections. The Government has not taken
effective measures to eliminate these practices. The
Government recognizes the right of voluntary travel abroad and
repatriation. Financial and educational constraints, rather
than government controls, restrict foreign travel and
emigration. There were no known cases of revocation of
citizenship during the year.
By the end of 1993, more than 28,000 Sudanese had fled civil
strife in Sudan to seek safe haven in the remote southeastern
corner of the C.A.R. In collaboration with the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), other U.N. agencies,
and private relief organizations, the C.A.R. National
Commission for Refugees provided assistance to this group. The
C.A.R. also hosted some 20,000 Chadian refugees, most of whom
entered the C.A.R. in early 1993 to escape the actions of
Chadian security forces in the south of that country. The
Chadian refugees are also under the protection and supervision
of the UNHCR.
Refugee populations near the Chadian border were encouraged by
the Government to resettle in a site further from the frontier,
but neither the refugees nor any Central Africans were forced
to resettle elsewhere. There were no reports of forced
repatriations of refugees in 1993.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens
to Change Their Government
Citizens were able to exercise peacefully their constitutional
right to change their government by democratic means following
a protracted controversy between opposition parties and the
Kolingba regime, which throughout much of the year used
constitutional arguments and political subterfuge to impede the
electoral process. In the wake of the failed elections of
October 1992, the Government agreed in January to the formation
of a mixed Electoral Commission composed of representatives of
all political parties. This body drafted a new Electoral Code
that was submitted for approval to the Provisional Political
Council of the Republic, a quasi-legislative body appointed by
Kolingba that included all presidential candidates from the
annulled presidential elections of October 1992 save Abel
Goumba, who did not participate.
Following a riot and two military mutinies in May, President
Kolingba in July accepted a mixed Electoral Commission proposal
for August and September elections. There was heavy voter
turnout (80 percent) for the first-round, multiparty
presidential and legislative elections in August which pitted
eight presidential contenders against each other and ended with
the ouster of President Kolingba, who finished fourth with 12
percent of the popular vote. Public and external pressures,
including from the French Government, blocked an attempt by
Kolingba to annul the election results through a presidential
decree altering the makeup of the Supreme Court. In lighter
second-round voting (63 percent) on September 19, Ange-Felix
Patasse of the MLPC prevailed over Abel Goumba and the
Patriotic Front for Progress (FPP) with 52 percent of the
vote. Patasse was inaugurated on October 22.
The 85 deputies from 11 identifiable political parties were
sworn in on November 3. An international observer group that
monitored both rounds of voting described the electoral process
as free, fair, and legitimate despite minor administrative
irregularities and the unsuccessful attempts by unknown persons
in Bangui and the town of Berberati to use violence to derail
the elections. The time-consuming process of tabulating votes
did not permit the Supreme Court to proclaim first-round
legislative and presidential results within 8 days, as
stipulated by the Electoral Code, but the Court did adhere to
the spirit of the Electoral Code throughout the electoral
process.
Women remained underrepresented in the political process.
Three female candidates were elected to the Parliament and two
others were named to President Patasse's Cabinet.
Pygmies (Ba'aka), who represent 1 to 2 percent of the national
population, are not represented in the Government and have
little political power or influence, although they voted in
large numbers in the 1993 election. In general, the Ba'aka
have little ability to participate in decisions affecting their
lands, cultures, traditions, and the allocation of natural
resources.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations
of Human Rights
The Central African Human Rights League (LCDH) is a
nongovernmental organization with multiple goals, including
publicizing human rights violations in the C.A.R. and pleading
individual cases of human rights abuses before the courts. The
LCDH raised its public profile with two public seminars and the
advent of a publication dedicated to relevant human rights
issues. The LCDH took the lead in calling for a unified
opposition response when the Government repeatedly delayed
announcement of electoral dates. Despite the LCDH's activist
stance, the Government did not attempt to hinder its activities.
The International Committee of the Red Cross visited the C.A.R.
at least twice and was given access to prisons and refugee
sites. There were no known requests from other international
human rights organizations to visit in 1993.
Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion,
Disability, Language, or Social Status
The Constitution stipulates that all persons are equal before
the law without regard to wealth, race, or religion, but
significant discrimination exists.
Women
Despite the Constitution, in practice women are not treated as
equal to men economically, socially, or politically, and women
in rural areas suffer more discrimination than women in urban
areas. When school was in session, 60 to 70 percent of urban
females went to primary school while only 10 to 20 percent of
their rural counterparts did. Overall, at the primary level
females and males enjoy equal access to education, but a
majority of females drop out at age 14 to 15 due to social
pressure to marry and bear children. At the University of
Bangui, the sole university in the C.A.R., only 20 percent of
the students are women.
In rural communities, where farming is the chief livelihood,
women continue traditional child-raising duties and perform
most food-farming tasks while men seek salaried work or produce
cash crops. Women not engaged in traditional agricultural
activities often work in commerce as market vendors. Customs
forbidding women and children to eat certain classes of food,
including some meats, persist in some areas of the country.
There are no accurate statistics on the percentage of female
wage earners, but in cities many educated women find work
outside the traditional patterns. Some hold clerical
positions, and a modest but growing number are establishing
private businesses or moving into the higher echelons of
government. Women are in the military, the police force, and
the gendarmerie.
Polygyny is legal, although there is growing resistance among
educated women to this practice. There is no legal limit on
the number of wives a man can take, but a prospective husband
must indicate at the time of the marriage contract whether he
intends to take further wives. Women who are educated and
financially independent tend to seek a monogamous
relationship. Divorce is legal and may be initiated by either
partner, but in practice many Central Africans never marry
because men cannot afford the traditional bride payment.
Central African law follows French law and does not statutorily
discriminate against women in inheritance and property rights.
However, a welter of conflicting customary laws (depending on
region or ethnic background) often prevails.
Violence against women, including wife beating, occurs, but it
is impossible to quantify its extent as data are lacking, and
cases are seldom officially reported. The courts hear very few
cases of spouse abuse, although the issue does come up during
divorce trials or in civil suits for damages. Some women
reportedly tolerate abuse in order to retain a measure of
financial security for themselves and their children. The
Government did not address this issue in 1993.
The Government chartered the Association of Central African
Women Jurists in 1993. This group established a legal clinic
to advise women of their legal rights and published pamphlets
in conjunction with the Ministry of Social Affairs that advised
women of the legal prohibition and dangers of female genital
mutilation. A second pamphlet, directed at women and young
children, discussed food taboos.
Children
There is no official discrimination against children, but the
Government spends little money on programs for children. There
are some church and other nongovernmental youth projects.
Given crippling strikes in the education sector, children did
not attend school in 1993. As a result, the number of Bangui's
street children increased markedly.
Current interpretation of Article 187 of the Penal Code forbids
blows or injuries to children under the age of 15.
The Government has never enforced a 1966 law forbidding female
genital mutilation (circumcision) or Article 187, which is also
interpreted as prohibiting this procedure. Circumcision has
been condemned by international health experts as damaging to
both physical and psychological health. This traditional
tribal practice is common in certain rural areas, and to a
lesser degree in Bangui, and is performed at an early age.
According to health officials, about 10 to 15 percent of C.A.R.
females have undergone this mutilation. The Association of
Women Jurists initiated an educational effort against the
procedure with the support of officials in the Ministry of
Health.
Indigenous People
Despite constitutional provisions, in practice some minorities
are treated unequally. In particular, the indigenous
forest-dwelling Ba'aka, commonly known as Pygmies, are subject
to discrimination and exploitation which the Government has
done little to correct. Pygmies often work for villagers at
wages lower than those paid to other groups.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
There are about 90 ethnic groups, and in the past there has
been little ethnic balance at the higher levels of government.
Under the Kolingba government, members of the minority Yakoma
ethnic group held a disproportionate number of senior positions
in the Government, military, and state-owned firms. Under the
Patasse Government, this trend has changed. Although residents
of the north of the country are a majority in his Cabinet, a
much broader ethnic balance has been achieved.
Religious Minorities
Muslims, particularly Mbororo (Peuhl) herders, claim to have
been singled out for harassment, including police shakedowns
and bandit attacks, due to popular resentment of their presumed
affluence. Few Muslims hold senior executive posts in
Government, but about a half-dozen Muslims won seats in the
National Assembly.
People with Disabilities
There is no codified or cultural discrimination against the
disabled. There are several programs designed to assist the
disabled, including handicraft training for the blind and the
distribution of wheelchairs and motorized carts by the Ministry
of Social Services. There is no legislated or mandated
accessibility for the disabled.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
Under the new Labor Code, last revised in 1990, all workers are
free to form or join unions of their own choosing without prior
authorization. The right of association has been widely
exercised by the relatively small part of the population
holding wage-earning jobs, notably persons in the large public
sector, including teachers, civil servants, and postal workers.
The current Labor Code does not refer to any trade unions by
name, a change from previous versions. The International Labor
Organization (ILO) had requested this change to reflect the
proliferation of new unions. There are now five recognized
labor federations, including the Organization of Free Public
Sector Unions (OSLP) and the Labor Union of Central African
Workers (USTC).
The USTC and its member unions continued to assert and maintain
their official independence from the Government and political
parties. However, prior to the presidential elections USTC
Secretary General Theophile Sonny-Cole expressed publicly his
support for the candidate of the Confederation of Democratic
Forces (CFD) and the USTC and CFD both participated in a
so-called ghost town strike in April.
In April the USTC executive bureau suspended from its ranks
three of the six public sector union heads, following those
unions' own suspension of their USTC activities at the end of
1992. The public sector unions formalized the break in
October, with the creation of the OSLP, which the Government
recognized almost immediately. The membership of the OSLP now
outnumbers that of the USTC by nearly three to one (20,000
versus 8,000).
Unions have the right to strike and exercised it in both the
private and public sectors. To be legal, strikes must be
preceded by the union's presentation of demands, the employer's
response to these demands, a conciliation meeting between labor
and management, and a finding by an arbitration council that
the union and employer failed to reach agreement on valid
demands. Strikes did not always meet these requirements,
although whenever the Government sought to enforce them, the
unions acceded to them. In June the acting Minister of Public
Works sent a note to labor leaders in which he observed that
the right to strike is an individual decision and, by
implication, not one that collective union leadership can
legally dictate. The Labor Code states that if employers
initiate a lock-out which is not in accordance with the Labor
Code, then the employer is required to pay workers for all days
of the lock-out. Other than this, no mention is made of
sanctions on employers for acting against strikers. It is not
known the extent to which this policy is actually followed.
Repeated strikes by the public sector unions met with limited
response. In most cases, the Government did not intervene,
allowing health services to operate at a minimal level and
schools to remain closed. In isolated cases, however, the
Government sent in troops or issued provocative decrees to try
to break the unions' solidarity. In April government troops
occupied a labor union building following a strike officially
called over salary arrears but influenced in large measure by
the Government's reticence to hold long-promised presidential
elections. In June the President and Prime Minister made
statements that employees not showing up for work would not be
paid. That statement resulted in a student uprising during
which the Minister of Finance was briefly taken hostage.
Federations are free to affiliate internationally. The USTC
maintains international labor contacts, although it is not
formally affiliated with any international bodies.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The Labor Code accords trade unions full legal status,
including the right to sue in court. However, by requiring a
union official to be employed full time in the occupation as
wage-earner, the Labor Code serves to restrict union organizing
activities to after hours.
The Labor Code does not specifically state that unions may
bargain collectively. While collective bargaining has
nonetheless taken place in some instances, the Government is
usually involved in the process.
Wage scales are set by the Ministry of Labor and Civil Service,
but have been only a tangential issue in labor negotiations;
the outright nonpayment of salaries continued to be the major
complaint of the unions, and the main impetus for the public
sector strikes, which finally ended in November after a month's
arrears were paid.
The law expressly forbids discrimination against employees on
the basis of union membership or union activity. However,
leaders of public sector unions, particularly teachers,
continued to complain of government discrimination against them
and their members, most often through arbitrary reassignment to
provincial posts. The Labor Code does not state whether
employers found guilty of antiunion discrimination are required
to reinstate workers fired for union activities.
There are no export processing zones.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
Forced labor is specifically prohibited by the Labor Code, and
there were no reports of such labor. The ILO in 1993
reiterated its longstanding concern that the C.A.R. Government
amend or replace laws and ordinances dating from 1966, 1972,
and 1975 that stipulate imprisonment involving compulsory labor
for persons engaged in independent activities of a political
nature. The Government stated these laws were in "abeyance"
but indicated it was "aware of the need to bring its
legislation and practice into conformity with international
labor conventions."
d. Minimum Age for Employment of Children
Employment of children under 14 years of age is forbidden by
law, but this provision is only loosely enforced by the
Ministry of Labor and Civil Service. In practice, the role of
children in the labor force is generally limited to helping the
family in traditional subsistence farming or in retailing.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The Labor Code states that minimum wages are to be set by
decree of the Minister of Labor rather than by an act of the
National Assembly. Minimum wages differ among the various
sectors. In September 1991, minimum wages were raised for the
first time since 1980 by between 10 and 50 percent, depending
on the category of employee. The lowest paid workers received
the largest percentage increases in the minimum wage, which
assures a family the basic necessities but is barely adequate
to maintain a decent standard of living in a country with a
high cost of living. Agricultural workers are guaranteed a
minimum of $26 (FCFA 7,800) per month, while office workers are
guaranteed $60 (FCFA 18,000).
Still more serious for public sector employees has been the
outright nonpayment of wages due to the Government's chronic
revenue shortfalls. Most labor is performed outside the wage
and social security system, especially by farmers in the large
subsistence agricultural sector.
The law sets a standard workweek of 42 hours for government
employees and most private sector employees. Domestic
employees may work up to 55 hours per week. The law also
states that there must be a minimum rest period of 24
consecutive hours on Sundays, although in certain circumstances
the Sunday requirement may be waived.
There are also general laws on health and safety standards in
the workplace, but they are neither precisely defined nor
actively enforced by the Ministry of Labor and Civil Service, a
matter about which the ILO has expressed concern to the
Government for many years. The Labor Code states that a labor
inspector may force an employer to correct unsafe or unhealthy
work conditions, but it makes no mention of the right of
workers to remove themselves from such work conditions. (###)
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