US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: US Humanitarian Assistance To Iraqi Refugees
Bush
Source: President Bush
Description: Presidential statement was released by the White House,
Newport Beach, California
Date: Apr 5, 19914/5/91
Category: Speeches, Testimony, Statements
Region: MidEast/North Africa
Country: Iraq, Kuwait
Subject: Refugees, Human Rights, United Nations
[TEXT]
The human tragedy unfolding in and around Iraq demands immediate
action on a massive scale. At stake are not only the lives of
hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women, and children, but the
peace and security of the Gulf.
Since the beginning of the Gulf war on August 2, the United
States has contributed more than $35 million for refugees and
displaced persons in the region. Many other countries have also
contributed. It is clear, however, that the current tragedy requires
a far greater effort. As a result, I have directed that a major new
effort be undertaken to assist Iraqi refugees.
Beginning this Sunday [April 7], US Air Force transport planes
will fly over northern Iraq and drop supplies of food, blankets,
clothing, tents, and other relief-related items for refugees and
other Iraqi civilians suffering as a result of the situation there.
I want to emphasize that this effort is prompted only by
humanitarian concerns. We expect the government of Iraq to permit
this effort to be carried out without any interference.
I want to add that what we are planning to do is intended as a
step-up in immediate aid, such as is also being provided by the
British, the French, and other coalition partners. We will be
consulting with the UN on how it can best provide for the many
refugees in and around Iraq on a long-term basis, as necessary. We
will continue in this and in other efforts designed to alleviate the
plight of the many innocent Iraqis whose lives have been endangered
by the brutal and inhumane actions of the Iraqi government.
I also want to add that this urgent air-drop is but one of
several steps the United States is taking to deal with this terrible
situation. I will shortly be signing an order that will authorize up
to $10 million from the emergency refugee and migration
assistance fund. These funds will help meet the needs of the
burgeoning refugee population in the region. Our military forces in
southern Iraq will continue to assist refugees and displaced
persons. We are also providing considerable economic and food
assistance to the government of Turkey to help it sustain the many
refugees who have taken refuge there. We are prepared, as well, to
deploy a US military medical unit to the border area in southern
Turkey to meet emergency needs.
The United States is also concerned about the welfare of
those Iraqi refugees now fleeing to Iran. We will be
communicating--through our established channel--to the
government of Iran our willingness to encourage and contribute to
international organizations carrying out relief efforts aiding these
individuals.
In an effort to help innocent people and especially the children
of Iraq, we will be donating $869,000 to UNICEF for child
immunizations in Iraq. We will also be providing a further
$131,000 and 1,000 tons of food to the International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC). In all cases, funds and goods provided to
international organizations will be distributed by the organizations
themselves to civilians in Iraq.
Finally, I have asked Secretary Baker to travel to Turkey, en
route to the Middle East, to meet with President Ozal and visit the
border area to assess the refugee situation and report back to me.
(###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: UN Resolution 688: Repression of Iraqi Civilians
Description: New York, New York
Date: Apr 5, 19914/5/91
Category: Fact Sheets
Region: MidEast/North Africa
Country: Iraq, Kuwait
Subject: Refugees, Human Rights, United Nations
[TEXT]
UN Security Council Resolution 688 On Repression of Iraqi
Civilians
The Security Council,
Mindful of its duties and its responsibilities under the Charter
of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and
security,
Recalling Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter of the United
Nations,
Gravely concerned by the repression of the Iraqi civilian
population in many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish
populated areas which led to a massive flow of refugees towards
and across international frontiers and to cross border incursions,
which threaten international peace and security in the region,
Deeply disturbed by the magnitude of the human suffering
involved,
Taking note of the letters sent by the representatives of
Turkey and France to the United Nations dated 2 April 1991 and 4
April 1991, respectively (S/22435 and S/22442),
Taking note also of the letters sent by the Permanent
Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations
dated 3 and 4 April 1991, respectively (S/22436 and
S/22447),
Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to the
sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of Iraq
and of all States in the area,
Bearing in mind the Secretary-General's report of 20 March
1991 (S/22366),
1. Condemns the repression of the Iraqi civilian population in
many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish populated
areas, the consequences of which threaten international peace and
security in the region;
2. Demands that Iraq, as a contribution to removing the threat
to international peace and security in the region, immediately end
this repression and expresses the hope in the same context that an
open dialogue will take place to ensure that the human and political
rights of all Iraqi citizens are respected;
3. Insists that Iraq allow immediate access by international
humanitarian organizations to all those in need of assistance in all
parts of Iraq and to make available all necessary facilities for their
operations;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to pursue his humanitarian
efforts in Iraq and to report forthwith, if appropriate on the basis
of a further mission to the region, on the plight of the Iraqi civilian
population, and in particular the Kurdish population, suffering from
the repression in all its forms inflicted by the Iraqi authorities;
5. Requests further the Secretary-General to use all the
resources at his disposal, including those of the relevant United
Nations agencies, to address urgently the critical needs of the
refugees and displaced Iraqi population;
6. Appeals to all Member States and to all humanitarian
organizations to contribute to these humanitarian relief efforts;
7. Demands that Iraq cooperate with the Secretary-General to
these ends;
8. Decides to remain seized of the matter.
VOTE: 10 for, 3 against (Cuba, Yemen, Zimbabwe), 2 abstentions
(China, India). (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: UN Resolution 687: Gulf Cease-fire
Description: New York, New York
Date: Apr 3, 19914/3/91
Category: Fact Sheets
Region: MidEast/North Africa
Country: Iraq, Kuwait
Subject: Military Affairs, Democratization
[TEXT]
UN Security Counci Resolution 687--Cease-fire in the
Gulf
On April 3, 1991, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 687,
which established a formal cease-fire between Iraq and the UN
coalition. The vote was 12 for, 1 against (Cuba; with Yemen and
Ecuador abstaining). Following is a summary of the resolution.
RESOLUTION 687:
-- Affirms the 13 previous resolutions on the Gulf conflict.
International Boundary
-- Declares the boundary between Iraq and Kuwait and the
allocation of islands as that agreed by Iraq and Kuwait in 1963.
-- Guarantees the inviolability of that boundary and asks
Kuwait and Iraq, with the assistance of the Secretary General, to
demarcate the 1963 boundary and report back within 1 month.
Observer Force
-- Requests the Secretary General to submit a plan within 3
days for an observer force to monitor a demilitarized zone
extending 10 km into Iraq and 5 km into Kuwait and to deploy it
immediately after council approval.
Missile Systems and Weapons of Mass Destruction
-- Requires Iraq to agree to the destruction or removal of all
chemical and biological weapons and all ballistic missiles with a
range of greater than 150 kilometers and to identify their locations
within 15 days.
-- Requests the Secretary General, in coordination with the
coalition and the World Health Organization, to submit a plan to the
council within 45 days designating a special commission which will
inventory chemical and biological items and ballistic missile sites.
-- Provides for a special commission, within 45 days
following approval of the plan, to oversee destruction of missile
systems and launchers and take possession of all chemical and
biological weapons-related items/sites.
-- Requires Iraq to submit a list of its nuclear weapons or
nuclear weapons-usable material or related facilities to the
Secretary General within 15 days and place all nuclear weapons-
usable material under the exclusive control of the International
Atomic Energy Agency for custody and removal.
-- Requests the Secretary General to carry out immediate on-
site inspection of Iraq's nuclear capabilities and develop a plan for
their destruction within 45 days.
-- Requires Iraq to declare that it will not acquire or develop
chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons or ballistic missiles in
the future. The special commission will develop a plan for on-going
monitoring and verification of Iraqi compliance.
Compensation
-- Reaffirms Iraqi liability for direct losses, including
environmental damage, and creates a commission and fund to handle
compensation.
-- Directs the Secretary General to present a plan to the
council within 30 days for administering the fund.
-- Decides that a percentage of Iraqi oil revenues will go to
the fund.
Sanctions
-- Immediately lifts sanctions on food (with notification to
the Sanctions Committee) and supplies for essential civilian needs
(with Sanctions Committee approval) and provides for council
review of remaining import sanctions every 60 days, taking account
of Iraqi policies and practices.
-- Indicates all sanctions on Iraqi exports will be lifted when
Iraq agrees to the destruction of its weapons of mass destruction
and missiles, provides their locations to the Special Commission,
and agrees not to acquire or develop them in the future, and when
the Security Council approves the Secretary General's plan for the
compensation fund.
-- Institutes an embargo on conventional armaments;
weapons of mass destruction; missiles; licensing and technology
transfer; personnel or materials for training, technical support, or
maintenance. The council will review the embargo on conventional
weapons periodically.
-- Calls on states to institute controls to ensure compliance
with the embargo.
Kuwaiti Property and Detainees
-- Provides for return of Kuwaiti property and confirms Iraqi
responsibility to repatriate and account for all Kuwaiti and third
country nationals in coordination with the International Committee
of the Red Cross.
Terrorism
-- Requires a commitment from Iraq that it will not commit
or support acts of terrorism or terrorist organizations.
Cease-fire
-- Declares a cease-fire will go into effect upon formal Iraqi
acceptance of the provisions of the resolution. (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: Statement on Resolution 687
Bush
Source: President Bush
Description: Hobe Sound, FL
Date: Apr 3, 19914/3/91
Category: Speeches, Testimony, Statements
Region: MidEast/North Africa
Country: Iraq, Kuwait
Subject: Military Affairs, Democratization
[TEXT]
I am extremely pleased that the Security Council has voted in favor
of Resolution 687. Fourteen times now the United Nations has
demonstrated its determination to contribute significantly to the
prospects for lasting peace and security in the Gulf region.
This latest resolution creates the basis for a formal cease-
fire in the Gulf. It comes 8 months since Iraq invaded Kuwait.
During these 8 months, the world community has stood up for what
is right and just. It is now up to Iraq's government to demonstrate
that it is prepared to respect the will of the world community and
communicate its formal acceptance of this resolution to the
Security Council and the Secretary General.
The resolution is unprecedented. It creates a force to monitor
the legal border between Iraq and Kuwait; it also provides a UN
guarantee of that border. Once this observer force arrives, all
remaining US ground forces will be withdrawn from Iraqi territory.
The resolution establishes a fund to compensate Kuwait and
other claimants for the damage caused by Iraq's aggression. The
resolution also includes provisions designed to ensure that Iraq
cannot rebuild its military strength to threaten anew the peace of
the region. Weapons of mass destruction and the means to deliver
them are to be destroyed; this is to be confirmed by on-site
inspection.
Certain sanctions will remain in force until such time as Iraq
is led by a government that convinces the world of its intent both to
live in peace with its neighbors and to devote its resources to the
welfare of the Iraqi people. The resolution thus provides the
necessary latitude for the international community to adjust its
relations with Iraq depending upon Iraq's leadership and behavior.
I also want to condemn in the strongest terms continued
attacks by Iraqi government forces against defenseless Kurdish and
other Iraqi civilians. This sort of behavior will continue to set Iraq
apart from the community of civilized nations. I call upon Iraq's
leaders to halt these attacks immediately and to allow
international organizations to go to work inside Iraq to alleviate
the suffering and to ensure that humanitarian aid reaches needy
civilians. As a result of these cruel attacks, Turkey is now faced
with a mounting refugee problem. The United States is prepared to
extend economic help to Turkey through multilateral channels, and
we call upon others to do likewise. (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: UN Security Council Resolution 687
Description: New York, New York
Date: Apr 3, 19914/3/91
Category: Fact Sheets
Region: MidEast/North Africa
Country: Iraq, Kuwait
Subject: Military Affairs, Democratization
[TEXT]
UN Security Council Resolution 687 (April 3, 1991)
The Security Council,
Recalling its resolutions 660 (1990) of 2 August 1990, 661
(1990) of 6 August 1990, 662 (1990) of 9 August 1990,
664 (1990) of 18 August 1990, 665 (1990)
of 25 August 1990, 666 (1990) of 13 September 1990, 667 (1990)
of 16 September 1990, 669 (1990) of 24 September 1990, 670
(1990) of 25 September 1990, 674 (1990) of 29 October 1990, 677
(1990) of 28 November 1990, 678 (1990) of 29 November 1990 and
686 (1991) of 2 March 1991,
Welcoming the restoration to Kuwait of its sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity and the return of its
legitimate Government,
Affirming the commitment of all Member States to the
sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of
Kuwait and Iraq, and noting the intention expressed by the Member
States cooperating with Kuwait under paragraph 2 of resolution 678
(1990) to bring their military presence in Iraq to an end as soon as
possible consistent with paragraph 8 of resolution 686 (1991),
Reaffirming the need to be assured of Iraq's peaceful
intentions in the light of its unlawful invasion and occupation of
Kuwait,
Taking note of the letter sent by the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Iraq on 27 February 19911 and those sent pursuant to
resolution 686 (1991),2
Noting that Iraq and Kuwait, as independent sovereign States,
signed at Baghdad on 4 October 1963 "Agreed Minutes Between the
State of Kuwait and the Republic of Iraq Regarding the Restoration
of Friendly Relations, Recognition and Related Matters," thereby
recognizing formally the boundary between Iraq and Kuwait and the
allocation of islands, which were registered with the United
Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United
Nations and in which Iraq recognized the independence and complete
sovereignty of the State of Kuwait within its borders as specified
and accepted in the letter of the Prime Minister of Iraq dated 21
July 1932, and as accepted by the Ruler of Kuwait in his letter
dated 10 August 1932,
Conscious of the need for demarcation of the said boundary,
Conscious also of the statements by Iraq threatening to use
weapons in violation of its obligations under the Geneva Protocol
for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or
Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, signed at
Geneva on 17 June 1925,3 and of its prior use of chemical weapons
and affirming that grave consequences would follow any further use
by Iraq of such weapons,
Recalling that Iraq has subscribed to the Declaration adopted
by all States participating in the Conference of States Parties to
the 1925 Geneva Protocol and Other Interested
States, held in Paris from 7 to 11 January 1989, establishing the
objective of universal elimination of chemical and biological
weapons,
Recalling also that Iraq has signed the Convention on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production and stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their
Destruction, of 10 April 1972,4
Noting the importance of Iraq ratifying this Convention,
Noting moreover the importance of all States adhering to this
Convention and encouraging its forthcoming Review Conference to
reinforce the authority, efficiency and universal scope of the
convention,
Stressing the importance of an early conclusion by the
Conference on Disarmament of its work on a Convention on the
Universal prohibition of Chemical Weapons and of universal
adherence thereto,
Aware of the use by Iraq of ballistic missiles in unprovoked
attacks and therefore of the need to take specific measures in
regard to such missiles located in Iraq,
Concerned by the reports in the hands of Member States that
Iraq has attempted to acquire materials for a nuclear-weapons
programme contrary to its obligations under the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968,5
Recalling the objective of the establishment of a nuclear-
weapons-free zone in the region of the Middle East,
Conscious of the threat that all weapons of mass destruction
pose to peace and security in the area and of the need to work
towards the establishment in the Middle East of a zone free of such
weapons,
Conscious also of the objective of achieving balanced and
comprehensive control of armaments in the region,
Conscious further of the importance of achieving the
objectives noted above using all available means, including a
dialogue among the States of the region,
Noting that resolution 686 (1991) marked the lifting of the
measures imposed by resolution 661 (1990) in so far as they
applied to Kuwait,
Noting that despite the progress being made in fulfilling the
obligations of resolution 686 (1991), many Kuwaiti and third
country nationals are still not accounted for and property remains
unreturned,
Recalling the International Convention against the Taking of
Hostages,6 opened for signature at New York on 18 December 1979,
which categorizes all acts of taking hostages as manifestations of
international terrorism,
Deploring threats made by Iraq during the recent conflict to
make use of terrorism against targets outside Iraq and the taking of
hostages by Iraq,
Taking note with grave concern of the reports of the
Secretary-General of 20 March 19917 and 28 March 1991,8 and
conscious of the necessity to meet urgently the humanitarian needs
in Kuwait and Iraq,
Bearing in mind its objective of restoring international peace
and security in the area as set out in recent resolutions of the
Security Council,
Conscious of the need to take the following measures acting
under Chapter VII of the Charter,
1. Affirms all thirteen resolutions noted above, except as
expressly changed below to achieve the goals of this resolution,
including a formal cease-fire;
A
2. Demands that Iraq and Kuwait respect the inviolability of
the international boundary and the allocation of islands set out in
the "Agreed Minutes Between the State of Kuwait and the Republic
of Iraq Regarding the Restoration of Friendly Relations, Recognition
and Related Matters," signed by them in the exercise of
their sovereignty at Baghdad on 4 October 1963 and registered with
the United Nations and published by the United Nations in document
7063, United Nations, Treaty Series, 1964;
3. Calls upon the Secretary-General to lend his assistance to
make arrangements with Iraq and Kuwait to demarcate the boundary
between Iraq and Kuwait, drawing on appropriate material,
including the map transmitted by Security Council document
S/22412 and to report back to the security Council within one
month;
4. Decides to guarantee the inviolability of the above-
mentioned international boundary and to take as appropriate all
necessary measures to that end in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations;
B
5. Requests the Secretary-General, after consulting with Iraq
and Kuwait, to submit within three days to the Security Council for
its approval a plan for the immediate deployment of a United
Nations observer unit to monitor the Khor Abdullah and a
demilitarized zone, which is hereby established, extending ten
kilometres into Iraq and five kilometres into Kuwait from the
boundary referred to in the "Agreed Minutes Between the State of
Kuwait and the Republic of Iraq Regarding the Restoration of
Friendly Relations, Recognition and Related Matters" of 4 October
1963; to deter violations of the boundary through its presence in
and surveillance of the demilitarized zone; to observe any hostile or
potentially hostile action mounted from the territory of one State
to the other; and for the Secretary-General to report regularly to
the Security Council on the operations of the unit, and immediately
if there are serious violations of the zone or potential threats to
peace;
6. Notes that as soon as the Secretary-General notifies the
Security Council of the completion of the deployment of the United
Nations observer unit, the conditions will be established for the
Member States cooperating with Kuwait in accordance with
resolution 678 (1990) to bring their military presence in Iraq to an
end consistent with resolution 686 (1991);
C
7. Invites Iraq to reaffirm unconditionally its obligations
under the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of
Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological
Methods of Warfare, signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925, and to ratify
the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production
and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons
and on Their Destruction, of 10 April 1972;
8. Decides that Iraq shall unconditionally accept the
destruction, removal, or rendering harmless, under international
supervision, of:
(a) All chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of
agents and
all related subsystems and components and all research,
development, support and manufacturing facilities;
(b) All ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150
kilometres and related major parts, and repair and production
facilities;
9. Decides, for the implementation of paragraph 8 above, the
following:
(a) Iraq shall submit to the Secretary-General, within fifteen
days of the adoption of the present resolution, a declaration of the
locations, amounts and types of all items specified in paragraph 8
and agree to urgent, on-site inspection as specified below;
(b) The Secretary-General, in consultation with the
appropriate governments and where appropriate, , with the
Director-General of the World Health Organization, within forty-
five days of the passage of the present resolution, shall develop,
and submit to the Council for approval, a plan calling for the
completion of the following acts within forty-five days of such
approval:
(i) The forming of a Special Commission, which shall carry
out immediate on-site inspection of Iraq's biological, chemical and
missile capabilities, based on Iraq's declarations and the
designation of any additional locations by the Special Commission
itself;
(ii) The yielding by Iraq of possession to the Special
Commission for destruction, removal or rendering harmless, taking
into account the requirements of public safety, of all items
specified under paragraph 8 (a) above, including items at the
additional locations designated by the Special Commission under
paragraph 9 (b) (i) above and the destruction by Iraq, under the
supervision of the Special Commission, of all its missile
capabilities, including launchers, as specified under paragraph 8 (b)
above;
(iii) The provision by the Special Commission of the
assistance and cooperation to the Director-General of the
International Atomic Energy Agency required in paragraphs 12 and
13 below;
10. Decides that Iraq shall unconditionally undertake not to
use, develop, construct or acquire any of the items specified in
paragraphs 8 and 9 above and requests the Secretary-General, in
consultation with the Special Commission, to develop a plan for the
future ongoing monitoring and verification of Iraq's compliance
with this paragraph, to be submitted to the Security Council for
approval within one hundred and twenty days of the passage of this
resolution;
11. Invites Iraq to reaffirm unconditionally its obligations
under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1
July 1968;
12. Decides that Iraq shall unconditionally agree not to
acquire or develop nuclear weapons or nuclear-weapons- usable
material or any subsystems or components or any research,
development, support or manufacturing facilities related to the
above; to submit to the Secretary-General and the Director-General
of the International Atomic Energy Agency within fifteen days of
the adoption of the present resolution a declaration of the
locations, amounts, and types of all items specified above; to place
all of its nuclear-weapons-usable materials under the exclusive
control, for custody and removal, of the International Atomic Energy
Agency, with the assistance and cooperation of the Special
Commission as provided for in the plan of the Secretary-General
discussed in paragraph 9 (b) above; to accept, in accordance with
the arrangements provided for in paragraph 13 below, urgent on-
site inspection and the destruction, removal or rendering harmless
as appropriate of all items specified above; and to accept the plan
discussed in paragraph 13 below for the future ongoing monitoring
and verification of its compliance with these undertakings;
13. Requests the Director-General of the International
Atomic Energy Agency, through the Secretary-General, with the
assistance and cooperation of the Special Commission as provided
for in the plan of the Secretary-General in paragraph 9(b) above, to
carry out immediate on-site inspection of Iraq's nuclear
capabilities based on Iraq's declarations and the designation of any
additional locations by the Special Commission; to develop a plan
for submission to the Security Council within forty-five days
calling for the destruction, removal, or rendering harmless as
appropriate of all items listed in paragraph 12 above; to carry out
the plan within forty-five days following approval by the Security
Council; and to develop a plan, taking into account the rights and
obligations of Iraq under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968, for the future ongoing monitoring
and verification of Iraq's compliance with paragraph 12 above,
including an inventory of all nuclear material in Iraq subject to the
Agency's verification and inspections of the International Atomic
Energy Agency to confirm that the Agency's safeguards cover all
relevant nuclear activities in Iraq, to be submitted to the Security
Council for approval within one hundred and twenty days of the
passage of the present resolution;
14. Takes note that the actions to be taken by Iraq in
paragraphs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the present resolution
represent steps towards the goal of establishing in the Middle East
a zone free from weapons of mass destruction and all missiles for
their delivery and the objective of a global ban on chemical
weapons;
D
15. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security
Council on the steps taken to facilitate the return of all Kuwaiti
property seized by Iraq, including a list of any property that Kuwait
claims has not been returned or which has not been returned intact;
E
16. Reaffirms that Iraq, without prejudice to the debts and
obligations of Iraq arising prior to 2 August 1990, which will be
addressed through the normal mechanisms, is liable under
international law for any direct loss, damage, including
environmental damage and the depletion of natural resources, or
injury to foreign Governments, nationals and corporations, as a
result of Iraq's unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait;
17. Decides that all Iraqi statements made since 2 August
1990 repudiating its foreign debt are null and void, and demands
that Iraq adhere scrupulously to all of its obligations concerning
servicing and repayment of its foreign debt;
18. Decides also to create a fund to pay compensation for
claims that fall within paragraph 16 above and to establish a
Commission that will administer the fund;
19. Directs the Secretary-General to develop and present to
the Security Council for decision, no later than thirty days
following the adoption of the present resolution, recommendations
for the fund to meet the requirement for the payment of claims
established in accordance with paragraph 18 above and for a
program to implement the decisions in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18
above, including: administration of the fund; mechanisms for
determining the appropriate level of Iraq's contribution to the fund
based on a percentage of the value of the exports of petroleum and
petroleum products from Iraq not to exceed a figure to be suggested
to the Council by the Secretary-General, taking into account the
requirements of the people of Iraq, Iraq's payment capacity as
assessed in conjunction with the international financial
institutions taking into consideration external debt service, and the
needs of the Iraqi economy; arrangements for ensuring that
payments are made to the fund; the process by which funds will be
allocated and claims paid; appropriate procedures for evaluating
losses, listing claims and verifying their validity and resolving
disputed claims in respect of Iraq's liability as specified in
paragraph 16 above; and the composition of the Commission
designated above;
F
20. Decides, effective immediately, that the prohibitions
against the sale or supply to Iraq of commodities or products, other
than medicine and health supplies, and prohibitions against
financial transactions related thereto contained in resolution 661
(1990) shall not apply to foodstuffs notified to the Security Council
Committee established by resolution 661 (1990) concerning the
situation between Iraq and Kuwait or, with the approval of that
Committee, under the simplified and accelerated "no-objection"
procedure, to materials and supplies for essential civilian needs as
identified in the report of the Secretary General dated 20 March
1991, 9 and in any further findings of humanitarian need by the
Committee;
21. Decides that the Security Council shall review the
provisions of paragraph 20 above every sixty days in the light of the
policies and practices of the Government of Iraq, including the
implementation of all relevant resolutions of the Security Council,
for the purpose of determining whether to reduce or lift the
prohibitions referred to therein;
22. Decides that upon the approval by the Security Council of
the program called for in paragraph 19 above and upon Council
agreement that Iraq has completed all actions contemplated in
paragraphs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 above, the prohibitions against
the import of commodities and products originating in Iraq and the
prohibitions against financial transactions related thereto
contained in resolution 661 (1990) shall have no further force or
effect;
23. Decides that, pending action by the Security Council under
paragraph 22 above, the Security Council Committee established by
resolution 661 (1990) shall be empowered to approve, when
required to assure adequate financial resources on the part of Iraq
to carry out the activities under paragraph 20 above, exceptions to
the prohibition against the import of commodities and products
originating in Iraq;
24. Decides that, in accordance with resolution 661 (1990)
and subsequent related resolutions and until a further decision is
taken by the Security Council, all States shall continue to prevent
the sale or supply, or the promotion or facilitation of such sale or
supply, to Iraq by their nationals, or from their territories or using
their flag vessels or aircraft, of:
(a) Arms and related materiel of all types, specifically
including the sale or transfer through other means of all forms of
conventional military equipment, including for paramilitary forces,
and spare parts and components and their means of production, of
such equipment;
(b) Items specified and defined in paragraphs 8 and 12 above
not otherwise covered above;
(c) Technology under licensing or other transfer arrangements
used in the production, utilization or stockpiling of items specified
in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above;
(d) Personnel or materials for training or technical support
services relating to the design, development, manufacture, use,
maintenance or support of items specified in subparagraphs (a) and
(b) above;
25. Calls upon all States and international organizations to
act strictly in accordance with paragraph 24 above,
notwithstanding the existence of any contracts, agreements,
licences or any other arrangements;
26. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with
appropriate governments, to develop within sixty days, for the
approval of the Security Council, guidelines to facilitate full
international implementation of paragraphs 24 and 25 above and
paragraph 27 below, and to make them available to all States and to
establish a procedure for updating these guidelines periodically;
27. Calls upon all States to maintain such national controls
and procedures and to take such other actions consistent with the
guidelines to be established by the Security Council under paragraph
26 above as may be necessary to ensure compliance with the terms
of paragraph 24 above, and calls upon international organizations to
take all appropriate steps to assist in ensuring such full
compliance;
28. Agrees to review its decisions in paragraphs 22, 23, 24
and 25 above, except for the items specified and defined in
paragraphs 8 and 12 above, on a regular basis and in any case one
hundred and twenty days following passage of the present
resolution, taking into account Iraq's compliance with the
resolution and general progress towards the control of armaments
in the region;
29. Decides that all States, including Iraq, shall take the
necessary measures to ensure that no claim shall lie at the instance
of the Government of Iraq, or of any person or body in Iraq, or of any
person claiming through or for the benefit of any such person or
body, in connection with any contract or other transaction where its
performance was affected by reason of the measures taken by the
Security Council in resolution 661 (1990) and related resolutions;
G
30. Decides that, in furtherance of its commitment to
facilitate the repatriation of all Kuwaiti and third country
nationals, Iraq shall extend all necessary cooperation to the
International Committee of the Red Cross, providing lists of such
persons, facilitating the access of the International Committee of
the Red Cross to all such persons wherever located or detained and
facilitating the search by the International Committee of the Red
Cross for those Kuwaiti and third country nationals still
unaccounted for;
31. Invites the International Committee of the Red Cross to
keep the Secretary-General apprised as appropriate of all activities
undertaken in connection with facilitating the repatriation or
return of all Kuwaiti and third country nationals or their remains
present in Iraq on or after 2 August 1990;
32. Requires Iraq to inform the Security Council that it will
not commit or support any act of international terrorism or allow
any organization directed towards commission of such acts to
operate within its territory and to condemn unequivocally and
renounce all acts, methods and practices of terrorism;
I
33. Declares that, upon official notification by Iraq to the
Secretary-General and to the Security Council of its acceptance of
the provisions above,
a formal cease-fire is effective between Iraq and Kuwait and the
Member States cooperating with Kuwait in accordance with
resolution 678 (1990);
34. Decides to remain seized of the matter and to take such
further steps as may be required for the implementation of the
present resolution and to secure peace and security in the area.
VOTE: 12 for, 1 against (Cuba), 2 abstentions (Yemen and Ecuador).
1S/22275, annex.
2S/22273, S/22276, S/22320, S/22321 and S/22330.
3League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. XCIV (1929), No. 2138.
4General Assembly resolution 2826 (XXVI), annex.
5General Assembly resolution 2373 (XXII).
6General Assembly resolution 34/146.
7S/22366.
8S/22409.
9S/22366.
(###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: Issues Between the United States and Japan
Date: Apr 8, 19914/8/91
Category: Fact Sheets
Region: East Asia
Country: Japan
Subject: Trade/Economics, Development/Relief Aid,
Security Assistance and Sales,
Resource Management, Military Affairs, History
[TEXT]
Issues and Relations Between the United States and Japan
The April 4 discussions between President Bush and Prime Minister
Kaifu in Newport Beach, California, covered the spectrum of the
US-Japan partnership -- economics and trade, foreign-policy
cooperation, the Middle East, and the US-Japan
security relationship. Prime Minister Kaifu's last visit to the
United States was in September-October 1990, when he met with
President Bush in New York during the UN General Assembly. In July
1990, the two leaders met during the Houston economic summit, and
they held a bilateral summit in Palm Springs, California, in March
1990.
General Background.
Japan is the most important ally of the United
States in East Asia, our second-largest trading partner, and our
foremost economic and technological competitor. Eleven percent of
US exports go to Japan, and the US buys about one-third of Japan's
exports. The US and Japan share close global and regional political
interests and pursue bilateral and multilateral efforts to create a
more open global trading system.
Japan's Domestic Politics and Economy
The ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has been in power
for nearly 40 years, elected Toshiki Kaifu LDP president, and thus
prime minister, in August 1989. His current term as party
president ends this fall. In February 1990, the LDP won an
impressive election victory for the lower house of the Diet
(parliament), where it holds a stable majority. However, the ruling
party lost control of the upper house in the 1989 elections, creating
difficulties for the government in winning approval for some
legislation. The Japan Socialist Party is the largest opposition
party.
Japan, the second-largest economy in the world, had an
estimated GNP of $2.9 trillion in 1990. It is a major financial
power, with the largest banks and stock market in the world. Real
GNP growth in 1990 was 5.6%. Its per capita GNP is approximately
$24,000.
US-Japan Global Partnership
The United States and Japan are actively engaged in coordinating
policies on a broad agenda of international issues in what we have
called the "global partnership." Recent areas of successful
collaboration include:
Aid Cooperation
US-Japan bilateral aid cooperation is one of the
success stories of the global partnership. The United States and
Japan are the world's largest aid donors, and our cooperation flows
naturally from our shared values and interests. Japan became the
world's largest donor of foreign assistance in 1989 with aid flows
totaling $9 billion. Japanese aid to other Asian countries far
exceeds our own, but Japan also is a major donor to Africa, Latin
America, and the Middle East. The US and Japan hold subcabinet-
level consultations regularly to coordinate our policies on foreign
assistance. The United States also encourages Japan's efforts to
open its markets to developing countries' products.
Persian Gulf Crisis
The Japanese government has shown unwavering support for the
political and economic measures taken by the international
community to meet the Iraqi challenge and has provided substantial
financial support for the Gulf effort. The Japanese government has
pledged about $13 billion to the overall Gulf effort:
-- A $9 billion pledge to Operation Desert Storm in January
1991, which the Diet approved on March 1. The US government
received the first contribution of $5.8 billion in late March. Japan
made an additional disbursement of more than $2 billion to the
United States on April 2.
-- An additional offer last year to Operation Desert Shield of
$2 billion to support the multinational forces in the Gulf.
Disbursement of cash and in-kind contributions is almost complete.
-- $2.1 billion in highly concessional and untied commodity
loans and other forms of economic assistance to the front-line
states. All money has been allocated. About $800 million has been
disbursed to date.
-- $60 million in refugee relief for the affected region in the
Middle East, which has been disbursed. This assistance includes
Japanese government charters of Japanese civilian aircraft to
evacuate refugees from the region and return them to their home
countries.
Cooperation in Petroleum Stockpile Drawdown
.
An area in which US-Japan cooperation produced tangible and far-
reaching benefits for the world economy was the coordinated
efforts through the International Energy Agency (IEA) to ensure
sufficient availability of oil following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on
August 2, 1990. Japan's support for an early IEA decision to draw
down stockpiles and its rapid announcement of its own measures
following the invasion, which were second only to those of the
United States, helped avert shortages and massive international
oil-price hikes.
US-Japan Security Relationship
.
The 1960 US-Japanese Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security
has been a major factor in maintaining peace and stability in East
Asia. Under the treaty, Japan hosts 55,000 US troops and is a home
port for the US 7th Fleet, including the aircraft carrier Midway.
Those forces not only defend Japan but also serve US regional
strategic interests. The US-Japan security alliance is the
cornerstone of our forward-deployed presence in Asia and is the
foundation of the overall US-Japan relationship.
Secretary of State Baker and Foreign Minister Nakayama
signed a new 5-year host-nation-support agreement on January 14,
1991, which substantially increases Japan's support for US forces
stationed there. Japan already was paying more than $3 billion
annually, by far the most of any US ally. During the next 5 years, it
will provide nearly $17 billion to the United States in host-nation-
support payments, which is the most generous such cooperation we
receive from any ally. By 1995, Japan will pay 53% of the cost of
the presence of US forces in Japan.
Trade Relations
Japan is America's largest trading partner after Canada, with two-
way merchandise trade totaling $138 billion in
1990. Historically, the US trade deficit with Japan has been a
highly visible sign of our bilateral trade and economic problems.
The US trade deficit with Japan has fallen in recent years from a
high of about $60 billion in 1987 to $41 billion in 1990, which is
about 40% of the total US trade deficit. The improvement is due
largely to increased US exports to Japan, up 9% from 1989 to $49
billion in 1990, and decreased imports from Japan, down 4% to $90
billion.
The United States has engaged the Japanese on several fronts
to address the trade deficit. In 1990, the United States achieved
agreements for market access on supercomputers, satellites, wood
products, and amorphous metals. The two governments are working
to implement the Structural Impediments Initiative, aimed at
removing structural barriers to market access and balance-of-
payments adjustments. The US government also is taking policy
steps to improve the competitiveness of US industry and is
increasing export-promotion activities in Japan.
A focus of US-Japan trade relations is coordination in
multilateral forums, with successful conclusion of the Uruguay
Round as a major US policy goal. Serious differences remain
between the United States and the European Community, especially
on agriculture, but the United States also has been disappointed
with Japan's positions. On agricultural reform, which has become
the centerpiece of the new round of negotiations, Japan has refused
any market liberalization involving rice. (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: Country Profile: Japan
Date: Apr 8, 19914/8/91
Category: Country Data
Region: East Asia
Country: Japan
Subject: Trade/Economics, History,
International Organizations
[TEXT]
Official Name: Japan
Geography
Area: 377,765 sq. km. (145,856 sq. mi.); slightly smaller than
California.
Cities: Capital--Tokyo. Other major cities--Yokohama, Osaka,
Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe, Kyoto.
Terrain: Rugged, mountainous islands. Climate: Varies from
subtropical to temperate.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Japanese.
Population (mid-1989 est.): 123 million. Annual growth rate
(1989): 0.5%.
Ethnic groups: Japanese; Korean 1%. Religions: Shintoism and
Buddhism; Christian 1%.
Language: Japanese.
Education: Literacy--99%. Life expectancy (1987)--males 76 yrs.,
females 81 yrs.
Work force (61 million, 1988): Agriculture--8%. Trade,
manufacturing, mining, and construction--32%. Services--43%.
Government--7%.
Government
Type: Parliamentary democracy. Constitution: May 3, 1947.
Branches: Executive--prime minister (head of government).
Legislative--bicameral Diet (House of Representatives and House of
Councillors). Judicial--Civil law system with Anglo-American
influence.
Subdivisions: 47 prefectures.
Political parties: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Japan Socialist
Party (JSP), Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Komeito (Clean
Government Party), Japan Communist Party (JCP). Suffrage:
Universal over 20.
Flag: Red sun on white field.
Economy
GNP (1990): $3 trillion.
Real growth rate (1989): 6%.
Per capita GNP (1989): $23,950.
Natural resources: Negligible mineral resources, fish.
Agriculture: Products--rice, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, silk.
Industry: Types--machinery and equipment, metals and metal
products, textiles, autos, chemicals, electrical and electronic
equipment.
Trade (1990): Exports--$280 billion: motor vehicles, machinery and
equipment, electrical and electronic products, metals and metal
products. Major markets--US 34%, Western Europe 21%, developing
countries 38%, communist countries 5%. Imports--$216 billion:
fossil fuels, metal ore, raw materials, foodstuffs, machinery and
equipment. Major suppliers--
US 23%, Western Europe 17%, developing countries 47%, communist
countries 7%.
Fiscal year: April 1-March 31.
Total net official development assistance: $9 billion (1989
disbursements, 0.3% of GNP).
Membership in International Organizations
UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Court of Justice
(ICJ), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International
Labor Organization (ILO), International Energy Agency (IEA),
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
INTELSAT. (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: The Artic and US Foreign Policy, 1970-90
Date: Apr 8, 19914/8/91
Category: Chronologies
Region: Polar Regions
Country: Antarctica
Subject: Resource Management, Environment,
Security Assistance and Sales, Trade/Economics,
Science/Technology
[TEXT]
The following introduction was written by Samuel Frye, a retired
Foreign Service officer, for the Office of the Historian. The
chronology is excerpted from an appendix to "The Arctic and United
States Foreign Policy," a study for the historian that is nearing
completion. It focuses on events relating to the development of US
foreign policy and the northern polar region.
The United States is an Arctic country. For more than 200 years,
American foreign affairs and diplomatic involvement in the far
north have been shaped by boundary and sovereignty questions,
commercial and economic development, exploration and scientific
research, environmental issues, and national security concerns.
Since the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, American
interests in the Arctic often have clashed but sometimes coincided
with the activities first of the czars and, after 1917, with the
rulers of the Soviet Union.
World War II and the advent of the intercontinental ballistic
missile age in the 1950s changed dramatically the strategic
concepts of Arctic sea and land use, bringing the northern polar
areas into the front lines of the Cold War and possible nuclear
confrontation. Growing world demand for energy and mineral
resources focused attention on the rich potential of both in Arctic
lands. Encouraged by the success of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959,
US policymakers in the 1960s began to consider the possibility of
peaceful international cooperation for Arctic technological
development and the reduction of Cold war tensions in the area
through multilateral exchanges, possible environmental agreements,
and relaxation of travel restrictions. In the 1970s and 1980s, the
United States enacted the statutory framework to provide for the
development and implementation of a comprehensive US Arctic
policy.
At the US-USSR summit in December 1987, President Reagan
and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev expressed support for
development of bilateral and regional cooperation among Arctic
countries, including coordinating scientific research and protecting
the region's environment. Building upon this new foundation in
Arctic cooperation, Secretary Baker and Soviet Foreign Minister
Eduard Shevardnadze signed two agreements in September 1989,
greatly expanding bilateral Arctic cooperation, relaxing travel
restrictions, and encouraging a variety of people-to-people
exchanges.
At the June 1990 Washington summit, Presidents Bush and
Gorbachev signed a bilateral maritime boundary agreement and
provided for the establishment of an international park in the
Bering Strait region. At the beginning of the 1990s, the hostility of
the Cold War in the Arctic regions appeared to be giving way to
governmental and non-governmental cooperation in Arctic
environmental, social, political, and economic areas.
Chronology
1970
January 1--Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969. The law provided a declaration of national environmental
policy, required environmental impact statements of proposed
federal actions, and established the Council on Environmental
Quality (Public Law 91-90; 83
Stat. 852).
April 15--The National Security Council (NSC), issued a directive
for the preparation of an inter-agency review of US Arctic policy.
1971
August 9--The ad hoc Inter-agency Committee on US Arctic Policy
sent a report to President Richard M. Nixon in response to the NSC
directive of April 15, 1970, presenting recommendations for an
Arctic policy statement, a coordination mechanism for US policy,
and international Arctic cooperation.
December 18--President Nixon signed the Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act, providing Alaska natives with title to 40 million
acres of land and compensation of $962.5 million to extinguish
aboriginal title to any additional lands in Alaska. Twelve regional
native corporations were established for fund distributions to
individuals and village corporations (Public Law 92-203; 85 Stat.
688). This landmark legislation influenced consideration of claims
by indigenous peoples with governments worldwide and fully opened
the way for massive resource development in the US Arctic,
including the Prudhoe Bay oil field.
December 22--The NSC issued National Security Decision
Memorandum (NSDM) 144, "United States Arctic Policy and Arctic
Policy Group." President Nixon decided that the policy of the United
States was to provide for essential US security interests in the
Arctic, including freedom of the seas and superjacent space,
support sound and rational Arctic development, and promote
mutually beneficial international Arctic cooperation. NSDM 144
created the Inter-agency Arctic Policy Group (IAPG), chaired by the
State Department, to oversee implementation of US Arctic policy
and review and coordinate programs in the Arctic with the
exception of Arctic-related matters internal to Alaska. It also
approved development of a coordinated US Arctic research plan,
including possible cooperation with other countries.
1972
July 21--In response to NSDM 144 of December 22, 1971, the Inter-
agency Arctic Policy Group submitted its first report, "US Arctic
Programs: Review and Recommendations," to President Nixon. The
report requested approval of a draft "Northlands and Arctic
Cooperation Compact" as the basis for developing an Arctic
international cooperation framework, and recommended an
international conference on Arctic cooperation hosted by the United
States.
October 21--Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act,
establishing a national policy for the protection of marine mammals
and the Marine Mammal Commission. The act had wide-ranging
implications for US Arctic policy. Commission responsibilities
included reviewing international conventions such as the Whaling
Convention Act of 1946 and the 1957 Interim Convention on North
Pacific Fur Seals, and recommending to the Secretary of State
policies for existing or new international arrangements for the
protection and conservation of marine mammals. The act included
regulated exceptions for Alaska natives for subsistence hunting and
other activities (Public Law 92-522; 86
Stat. 1027).
October 27--Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act,
affirming a national interest in the effective protection and
development of US coastal areas, including the Arctic Ocean, by
encouraging and assisting coastal states to implement rational
coastal management programs (Public Law 92-583; 86 Stat. 1280).
The concept of a single international coastal zone management
regime for the entire North American Arctic coast became the
principal initial focus in the development by 1977 of the Inuit
Circumpolar Conference.
1973
January 22--The National Security Council issued National Security
Decision Memorandum (NSDM) 202, "Arctic Program Review and
Recommendations," which reaffirmed President Nixon's decision
that the United States actively develop and pursue bilateral and
multilateral cooperation in the Arctic in areas of scientific
research, resource development, and environmental protection.
However, NSDM 202 ruled out US discussions with Canada, the
Soviet Union, and other countries with Arctic interests with the
aim of promoting the establishment of a multinational Northlands
and Arctic Compact and the convening of an international
conference to this end. NSDM 202 ended US government
consideration during the 1970s of an international structure for
Arctic cooperation. The Inter-agency Arctic Policy Group, although
remaining formally constituted, did not hold any meetings until near
the end of the Carter Administration in 1979. Arctic issues were
subsumed in the work of the 3rd UN Conference on the Law of the
Sea, which convened in 1974.
November 15--The United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the
Soviet Union signed an agreement for the Conservation of Polar
Bears, which recognized the polar bear as a significant Arctic
resource requiring special protection through coordinated national
measures by countries in the Arctic region. One feature of the
agreement was its operation through a group of polar bear
specialists from the Species Survival Commission, International
Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
The agreement entered into force for the United States on November
1, 1976 (27 UST 3918; TIAS 8409).
1976
April 13--Congress passed the Fishery Conservation and
Management Act, establishing a 200-nautical-mile fishery
conservation zone contiguous to the US territorial sea. The State
Department, with the Commerce Department, was to allocate
allowable levels of foreign fishing in the United States zone, and
the State Department was to negotiate new international fishing
agreements, issue registration permits for each foreign national
fishing vessel, and determine and certify for the Treasury
Department foreign compliance with the act. The act established
the North Pacific Fishery Management Council with authority over
the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and Pacific Ocean seaward of Alaska,
and set the stage for increased United States participation in the
rich Bering offshore fishery worked largely by Japan and the Soviet
Union (Public Law 94-265; 90 Stat. 331).
November 19--The United States and the Soviet Union signed a
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their
Environment. This wide-ranging convention identified and protected
birds with common US-USSR flyways, breeding, wintering, and
feeding areas. Indigenous peoples in Alaskan and Soviet areas were
excepted from convention regulations regarding subsistence hunting
as determined by national regulations
(29 UST 4647; TIAS 9073).
1977
June 12-17--The Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) held its first
meeting at Barrow, Alaska, marking the beginning of an Inuit
(Eskimo) international institutional response to questions about an
Inuit future as a united people. Inuit representatives attended from
Alaska, Canada, and Denmark (Greenland). Resolutions called upon
those governments to negotiate a uniform Arctic resources
development regime and an international Arctic policy; establish
Inuit health care, education, and cultural exchange programs; allow
restriction-free Inuit travel across the Arctic; and demilitarize the
Arctic. The ICC's establishment attracted the attention of
indigenous movements worldwide. Subsequent triennial ICC
meetings provided the only continuing forum for multilateral
discussion and implementation of international cooperation in the
Arctic.
July 28--The first oil from Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean reached
the marine shipping terminal at Valdez, Alaska, through the 800-
mile Trans-Alaska Pipeline, completing a 3-year construction
project. The North Slope's eventual output would provide more than
20% of US oil production.
1978
June 30--President Jimmy Carter's science adviser announced the
dissolution of the Inter-agency Arctic Research Coordinating
Committee (IARCC) in accordance with the President's
Reorganization Plan 1 of October 18, 1977, and Executive Order
12039 of February 26, 1978. IARCC functions for coordinating polar
research in Alaska and on the continental shelf were assigned to the
Interior Department and to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration for off-shore and Gulf of Alaska research. The
National Science Foundation assumed responsibility for assessing
the need for additional Arctic research coordination and
establishing appropriate mechanisms. The Inter-agency Arctic
Policy Committee, chaired by the State Department, continued its
mandate to coordinate international affairs activities related to US
Arctic activities.
1979
November 8--Zbigniew Brzezinski, Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs, sent a memorandum on Arctic policy to
the Secretaries of State and Defense reconstituting the Inter-
agency Arctic Policy Group (IAPG) chaired by the Assistant
Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and
Scientific Affairs. The IAPG had been dormant since 1973,
subsequent to the issuance of NSDM 202 on January 22, 1973.
1980
December 2--Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands
Conservation Act (Public Law 96-487; 94 Stat. 2371). Section 1107
called for an Arctic research study by the Interior, Defense, and
Energy Departments, including "developing a comprehensive Arctic
policy for the federal government" that accommodates the
development and use of Arctic resources with consideration for the
unique nature of the Arctic environment and the needs of Native
residents. The State Department convened the IAPG, reconstituted
in 1979 by the NSC, to explore international implications of the
Alaska National Interest Lands legislation.
1982
October 22--The State Department sent an IAPG memorandum to the
White House recommending that President Reagan reaffirm the
policy set forth in the 1971 NSDM 144 in a new national Arctic
policy statement.
1983
April 14--The White House issued National Security Decision
Directive (NSDD) 90, "United States Arctic Policy." President
Reagan cited unique and critical US interests in the Arctic region
related directly to national defense, resource and energy
development, scientific inquiry, and environmental protection. The
President reaffirmed the major policy elements of the 1971 NSDM
144, including promotion of mutually beneficial international
Arctic cooperation, and charged the IAPG with reviewing and
coordinating policy implementation and US international programs
and activities in the Arctic. Although not responsible for domestic
Arctic matters, the IAPG was directed to ensure close cooperation
of agencies concerned with those domestic matters. The IAPG also
was instructed to prepare reports on how best to coordinate US
Arctic activities with other nations, and to determine what federal
services, by priority, the US government might have to provide in
the Arctic over the next decade.
May 12--The UN Economic and Social Council recognized the ICC as a
UN non-governmental organization in consultative status.
1984
July 31--Congress passed the Arctic Research and Policy Act of
1984, providing for a comprehensive national policy dealing with US
research needs and objectives in the Arctic. The act established an
independent national Arctic Research Commission and an Inter-
agency Arctic Research Policy Committee chaired by the National
Science Foundation. The act completed the statutory framework for
the development and implementation of US Arctic policy.
Coordination and promotion of cooperative scientific research
programs with other countries were subject to the foreign policy
guidance of the Secretary of State (Public Law 98-373; 98 Stat.
1242).
October--The 1957 Interim Convention on the Conservation of the
North Pacific Fur Seals expired. The US Senate failed to ratify a
protocol extending the convention to 1988 because of pressure from
environmental groups calling for cessation of all fur seal
harvesting. With no convention in force, US fur seal herds on the
Pribilof Islands were to be managed under the Marine Mammal Act
of 1972.
December 22--In response to National Security Decision Directive
900, April 14, 1983, the State Department transmitted an IAPG
memorandum, "US Government Services That Will Probably Be
Needed In The Arctic By The End Of The Decade," to the White House.
The report listed 14 areas in which services would be needed,
surveyed current and projected development throughout the Arctic,
and suggested that the most significant changes in the US Arctic
would concern oil and gas development, national defense activities,
improvement in transportation, increasing US participation in
Bering Sea fisheries, and minimizing environmental impact and
political activism among the Inuit.
1986
March 19--The International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH)
was established, with the secretariat located at the School of
Health Sciences at the University of Alaska, Anchorage. The union
provided a structure for bringing together northern medical
research on a worldwide basis by promoting international
cooperation, encouraging and supporting research and the exchange
of scientific information in circumpolar health sciences, and
participating in the International Council of Scientific Unions. The
non-government group American Society for Circumpolar Health,
founded in 1967, represents the United States in the IUCH.
June 2--As a result of informal discussions among scientists from
Arctic nations during a meeting of the Scientific Committee on
Antarctic Research (SCAR), an initiative about establishing a non-
governmental body as a forum to explore Arctic research issues and
develop cooperative research plans was favorably received by
Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Norway,
Poland, the Soviet Union, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Working
from a subsequent proposal prepared at a consultative meeting on
February 13, 1987, eight Arctic countries in March 1988
unanimously agreed that an International Arctic Science Committee
(IASC) should be established as a non-governmental body.
1987
June 23--The Inter-agency Arctic Research Policy Committee,
chaired by the National Science Foundation, transmitted to
President Reagan the US Arctic Research Plan in accordance with
the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984. The plan included a
statement of US Arctic research policy and goals and objectives in
Arctic research, including a statement of national needs and
priorities in the areas of national security, rational resource
development, and acquisition of new scientific knowledge in the
Arctic. The plan was developed in consultation with the Arctic
Research Commission, the governor and other officials of Alaska,
Arctic residents, the private sector, and public groups.
July 17--The United States and Canada signed an agreement on the
conservation of the porcupine caribou herd, establishing an
international porcupine caribou board. The board was to administer
the agreement by ensuring opportunity for customary and
traditional uses of the herd, and cooperation and communication
between governments on research and herd management. Alaskan
state and native Alaskan groups played an influential role in the
formulation of the US negotiating position.
December 10--President Reagan and Soviet President Mikhail
Gorbachev issued a joint statement at the conclusion of the
December 7-10, US-USSR summit, noting that they had exchanged
views on means of encouraging expanded contacts and cooperation
on issues relating to the Arctic. The two leaders expressed support
for development of bilateral and regional cooperation among Arctic
countries on these matters, including coordination of scientific
research and protection of the region's environment (American
Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1987, Doc. 193, p. 360).
1988
January 11--After 2 years of discussions, the United States and
Canada agreed on a framework for Arctic cooperation, affirming
that navigation and resource development in the Arctic must not
damage the unique environment of the region and the well-being of
its inhabitants. Both sides agreed to facilitate navigation by their
icebreakers in their respective waters and to develop and share
research information. The United States pledged that all navigation
by US icebreakers within waters claimed by Canada to be internal
would be undertaken with Canadian consent. Both sides agreed that
nothing in the agreement would affect respective US or Canadian
positions on the Law of the Sea in this or other maritime areas or
respective positions regarding third parties. President Reagan
noted that the agreement is a "pragmatic solution based on our
special bilateral relationship, our common interest in cooperating
on Arctic matters, and the nature of the area . . . without prejudice
to our respective legal positions, and it sets no precedents for
other areas." (Department of State Press Release #3, January 14, 1988.)
May 31--The United States and the Soviet Union signed a
Comprehensive Agreement on Mutual Fisheries Relations providing
the US fishing industry for the first time with access to Soviet
waters and reciprocal access by Soviet fishermen to the US
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The agreement provided a basis for
expanded bilateral cooperation on fisheries issues, including the
unregulated fisheries of the central Bering Sea.
December 10--Building on preliminary meetings in 1986 and 1987,
a planning group with representatives from Canada, Denmark and
Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the United States, and
the Soviet Union, proposed a draft "Founding Articles for an
International Arctic Science Committee" (IASC), including the
framework for a non-governmental organization to encourage and
facilitate international consultation and cooperation for Arctic
scientific research.
1989
September 20-26--At the initiative of the Finnish government,
representatives of the eight countries with Arctic territory
attended a consultative meeting for the protection of the Arctic
environment. The group explored possibilities for international
cooperation in protecting the Arctic environment, including
integrated action programs for research, continuing field
investigations of environmental problems affecting northern areas,
and compilation of a definitive list of all existing multilateral and
bilateral agreements on the protection and preservation of the
Arctic.
September 23--The United States and the Soviet Union signed an
agreement creating the Bering Strait Regional Commission to
promote cooperation in the Strait and to provide a forum for
resolving minor regional disputes at the local level. The
commission, with three Soviet and three American members, was to
investigate and resolve unintentional border crossings, return
fishing equipment, and assist in arranging emergency services,
medical treatment, search and rescue activities, and death
notification (Department of State Bulletin, November 1989, p. 22).
September 23--The United States and the Soviet Union signed an
agreement, "Concerning Mutual Visits by Inhabitants of the Bering
Strait Region," replacing a 1938 agreement that was terminated by
the Soviet Union in 1948. The new agreement allowed native
inhabitants of the Strait area to visit relatives and others in
prescribed areas in the respective countries by using established
entry and exit checkpoints after notifying the Bering Straits
Commission. The arrangement recodified age-old regional trading
and cultural interchange (Department of State Bulletin, November
1989, p. 24).
1990
April 18-23--Representatives of the eight countries with Arctic
territory attended a preparatory meeting for the protection of the
Arctic environment as a sequel to a 1989 Finnish initiative.
Conference themes included the need for international ecological
cooperation in the Arctic region, improving Arctic environmental
protection through strengthening and broader application of existing
legal instruments, and development of an Arctic environmental
protection strategy. Finland offered to host a 1991 meeting for
high-level officials to discuss Arctic environmental protection.
June 1--At the conclusion of the Washington summit with Soviet
President Mikhail Gorbachev, President Bush announced the signing
of a US-USSR Maritime Boundary Agreement resolving differences
concerning national boundaries and resource jurisdiction in the
North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean. After 9 years of
negotiation, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed that the
line in the 1867 US-Russia Convention ceding Alaska is the
maritime boundary along its entire length. Further provisions
ensured that all areas within 200 miles of either coast fall under
the resource jurisdiction of one or the other party. The USSR
transferred three "special areas" to US jurisdiction within 200
miles of the Soviet coast but on the US side of the maritime
boundary. The United States transferred one "special area" within
200 miles of the US coast but on the USSR side of the maritime
boundary. The agreement placed 70% of the Bering Sea under US
jurisdiction (Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, June 4,
1990, p. 868).
June 1--The United States and the Soviet Union issued a Joint
Statement on the Establishment of a US-USSR International Park in
the Region of the Bering Strait. Presidents Bush and Gorbachev, at
the conclusion of the Washington summit, expressed support for
bilateral expansion of cooperation in the fields of environment and
cultural heritage by protecting jointly the land and sea areas of the
Bering Strait. Both countries recognized the common heritage of
the Bering area and will seek during 1990-91 to sign a protocol
formally establishing the International Park, and to work out all
details connected with the functioning of the park (Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents, June 4, 1990, p. 865).
August 28--Representatives of national scientific organizations
from the eight countries with Arctic territory, with the United
States represented by the National Academy of Sciences, signed an
agreement establishing a non-governmental International Arctic
Science Committee (IASC). The IASC was to cover all fields of
Arctic science and to provide a forum for discussion, cooperation,
and exchange of information. Working bodies were to assist in
coordinating regional Arctic science programs and to help integrate
Arctic science with studies of global environmental systems. IASC
membership was to be open to all countries with significant Arctic
science programs. (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: Focus on Central and Eastern Europe
Date: Apr 8, 19914/8/91
Category: Focus on Emerging Democracies
Region: E/C Europe
Country: Poland, Hungary, Romania
Subject: Trade/Economics, International Organizations,
Science/Technology, EC, State Department
[TEXT]
Focus on Central and Eastern Europe: Summary of Initiatives
The US government is leading unprecedented public- and private-
sector initiatives to promote democracy and free-market economies
in Central and Eastern Europe. Focus on Central and Eastern Europe
is a periodic update of those initiatives.
American Business and Private Sector Development
Initiative
President Bush has announced a new $45-million initiative to help
the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. The "American
Business and Private Sector Development Initiative for Central and
Eastern Europe" was introduced on March 20 during a state visit to
Washington by Polish President Lech Walesa--the first such visit by
a Polish head of state. About $21 million is available immediately
from fiscal year 1991 funds.
The initiative aims to promote the growth of US investment in
the region, participation by US firms in infrastructure development,
and increased involvement of small and medium-sized US companies
in bilateral trade. It will be carried out by the US Agency for
International Development (USAID), the Department of Commerce,
the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), and the US
Trade and Development Program in partnership with the American
private sector.
The long-term involvement of US private business is critical
to the success of the economic reforms underway throughout
Central and Eastern Europe. US trade and investment can play a
major role in supporting political and economic changes in the
region and should promote US business interests as well. Primary
emphasis will be on five key sectors identified by the Central and
East European countries and the United States as being of special
importance: agriculture and agribusiness, energy, environment,
telecommunications, and housing.
The initiative will:
-- Establish an American Business Center in Warsaw, Poland,
to provide office space and technical business services on a user-
fee basis to US businesses;
-- Develop consortia of US businesses to support groups of
mainly small and medium-sized US companies wishing to enter the
market. Grants will assist US trade and business associations in
selected sectors in establishing a presence in the region;
-- Expand the Commerce Department's Eastern Europe
Business Information Center to develop information and provide
assistance to US as well as Central and East European companies
interested in trade and investment;
-- Create a USAID capital-development initiative to assist
Central and East European governments and private-sector firms in
designing infrastructure projects in ways that will encourage the
involvement of US companies;
-- Provide additional funding for feasibility studies by the US
Trade and Development Program related to the five sectors
described above; and,
-- If authorized by the US Congress, expand OPIC's pilot
equity-investment program to include Central and Eastern Europe so
that OPIC can make direct investments in promising joint ventures
in the region.
Michael Farren, Under Secretary of Commerce for
International Trade, explained to reporters on March 21 that
President Bush's initiative is "only the most recent" in a series of
steps by the Bush Administration to help the new democratic
governments of Central and Eastern Europe. He said that it is
intended to ease the transfer of US commercial expertise and
increase the flow of US capital to the region.
Ambassador Robert L. Barry, Special Adviser for East European
Assistance to the Deputy Secretary of State, said that US
investment in Poland is "disappointingly low." Barry added that he
hoped President Bush's new initiative would get more small and
medium-sized US businesses involved in the Polish market.
For more information about this initiative, call:
-- USAID (Office of European Affairs): 202-647-3853;
-- Department of Commerce (Eastern Europe Business
Information Center): 202-377-2645;
-- OPIC (Public Affairs): 202-457-7093;
-- US Trade and Development Program (Regional Director for
Central and Eastern Europe): 703-875-4357; or
-- Department of State (Office of the Special Adviser for
East European Assistance): 202-647-0695.
Trade Enhancement Initiatives
From the beginning of its efforts to support political and economic
reform in Central and Eastern Europe, the US government has
emphasized trade as well as aid. The United States has led the way
in extending increased access to its own market and in encouraging
the European Community and others to do the same.
GSP Duty-Free Benefits. President Bush is expected to approve a
significant expansion of duty-free benefits covering $182 million in
Central and East European exports under the Generalized System of
Preferences (GSP). Czechoslovakia will be added to the list of
beneficiaries, which includes Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
These increases are in addition to the current $500 million in duty-
free imports from Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the
President has changed the effective date of $176 million in benefits
from July 1 to May 1, 1991.
More than half of the expanded GSP benefits will go to Poland
($93.3 million of the $182.4 million). This action will more than
double the amount of Poland's duty-free exports under GSP.
Overcoming Informational Barriers to Trade. The Bush
Administration will sponsor a series of seminars for Central and
East European countries designed to enhance understanding of US
laws and procedures.
-- The Department of Commerce will conduct seminars on US
anti-dumping and countervailing-duty laws. They will focus on the
methodology used to analyze dumping in non-market economic
cases. The Commerce Department also will discuss the
implications of the move toward greater market orientation.
-- Commerce, State, and US Trade Representative officials
will conduct seminars to help ensure that businesses are familiar
with the benefits and procedures under the Generalized System of
Preferences.
-- US embassies in Central and East European countries will
help provide information on quota fill rates to chambers of
commerce and local producers.
-- The Commerce Department and the Office of Management
and Budget will hold seminars on recommended government
procurement laws and procedures that would result in savings,
purchase of improved products, and fair competition and also would
enable those countries to join the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) Agreement on Government Procurement.
Regional Economic Development Initiative
The Bush Administration aims to promote new commercial ties
between companies and business organizations in comparable
economic regions of the United States and Central and Eastern
Europe to increase trade with the region's burgeoning private
sector. A new program, using existing Commerce Department
resources (e.g., the Eastern Europe Business Information Center and
US Foreign Commercial Service officers), will focus on building a
data base of regional and local business leaders and groups in the
United States and Central and Eastern Europe. That information will
be particularly useful in matching small and medium-sized US
companies with counterparts in Central and Eastern Europe's private
sector and in promoting new trade and investment ties.
Removing Trade Barriers
President Bush is prepared to send to Poland and other reforming
Central and East European countries a
team of experts, led by an official from the Office of the US Trade
Representative, to conduct a review of internal and external
barriers to expanded trade with the region and to propose specific
solutions to problems identified.
Access to the European Community.
President Bush has asked the European Community (EC) to redouble
its efforts to open its markets to Central and East European
countries and to open all sectors, including agriculture, for
liberalization under the free-trade-area agreements now under
negotiation with Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. The EC is
Central and Eastern Europe's largest market with the greatest
potential for trade expansion.
Reduction of Poland's Debt
On March 20, during President Walesa's visit to Washington, DC,
President Bush warmly endorsed the historic agreement between
the Polish government and its official creditors in the Paris Club to
reduce Poland's debt obligations to government creditors, including
the United States. The agreement is a strong signal of government-
creditor support for Polish economic and political reforms.
Together with a new 3-year program with the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and continued Polish reforms, it should help
encourage new private investment and capital flows to Poland and
provide a sound basis for sustained economic growth. The
agreement is the successful culmination of vigorous US efforts to
achieve a multilateral agreement offering substantial benefits to
Poland.
Specifically, the Paris Club agreement provides for the
reduction of Polish debt by at least 50% in real terms. The debt
reduction will be formally adopted by the Paris Club once Poland's
IMF program has been approved (expected in April). The
restructuring will occur in two stages:
-- The first stage involves 30% relief on a net present value
basis and includes cash-flow relief of 80% for the crucial first 3
years of the agreement.
-- The second stage consists of 20% relief on a net present
value basis upon successful completion by Poland of the 3-year IMF
program.
In each stage, creditor governments will have the option of
pursuing equivalent relief through debt reduction, interest
reduction, or capitalization of interest on concessional terms.
Governments also have the option of further reducing Polish
obligations beyond the 50% level through:
-- Additional bilateral relief; and
-- The voluntary conversion of up to 10% of outstanding
claims via debt-equity, debt-for-nature, or other debt swaps.
To lead this effort, President Bush announced on March 20 that
the United States was prepared to reduce Polish debt to the United
States by a total of 70% in real terms from $3.8 billion to $1.14
billion. It will be done in two ways:
-- Additional bilateral debt reduction; and
-- A write-off of 10% of Poland's stock of debt to the United
States. This action will enable the Polish government to provide
local currency resources to fund a foundation for the environment.
The unilateral actions taken by the United States raise the
total debt reduction under the multilateral Paris Club agreement
from the agreed minimum 50% level to 52%. President Bush
strongly encouraged other creditor governments to take similar
additional actions and provide bilateral relief beyond the 50% level.
Poland is rapidly reorienting its political and economic
relations in order to pursue an independent foreign policy and to
develop an internationally competitive free-market economy. As it
does so, the close cooperation that exists in Polish-US relations
can be expected to continue and to intensify.
Hungary
United Technologies To Build Plant. United Technologies
Corporation announced in March that it would build a $10-million
plant in Hungary to produce electrical-distribution systems for
export to automobile manufacturers throughout Western Europe.
The Hartford, Connecticut-based conglomerate plans to begin
manufacturing this year. It is the third US firm to put a plant in
Hungary to make either cars or car parts (General Motors
Corporation and Ford Motor Company are the other two).
The plant will be in the town of Godollo, which is about 20
miles northeast of the capital of Budapest. The work force is
expected to increase from 50 to 1,000 within 5 years, United
Technologies officials told the press. The plant will be run
completely by Hungarian managers trained in other United
Technologies auto-parts plants in Europe.
Romania
Contribution to Libraries by University Microfilms International.
Alan Green, Jr., the US Ambassador to Romania, in March presented
microfilm and microfiche worth $50,000 to the directors of two
prominent Romanian libraries. University Microfilms International,
through the American Library Association, donated the materials,
which contained a collection of US scholarly journals and
magazines.
In an interview after the presentation ceremony in Romania's
leading independent newspaper (Romania Libera), the director of the
University of Bucharest's library praised US support of Romanian
libraries, including a US Information Agency library fellow who will
organize a training program in that university. The director
concluded, "Romanian scholars and students will have the
opportunity
. . . to have access to the international flow of scholarly
information through this remarkable donation which is the
repository of a huge potential in all areas of knowledge." (###)
US Department of State Dispatch,
Vol 2, No 14, April 8, 1991
Title: Current Treaty Actions: March -- April 1991
Date: Mar 30, 19913/30/91
Category: Treaties/Agreements
Region: E/C Europe, MidEast/North Africa
Country: China, Canada,
Costa Rica, Denmark, Israel, Italy, South Korea,
United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,
Marshall Islands
Subject: Trade/Economics, International Law,
Arms Control, Science/Technology, Resource Management,
Terrorism, Environment, Narcotics, Human Rights,
United Nations
[TEXT]
Multilateral
:
Aviation
Convention on international civil aviation. Done at Chicago Dec. 7,
1944. Entered into force Apr. 4,1947. TIAS 1591.
Protocol on the authentic trilingual text of the convention on
international civil aviation (TIAS 1591), with annex. Done at
Buenos Aires Sept. 24, 1968. TIAS 6605.
Adherence deposited: Albania, Mar. 28, 1991.
Biological Weapons
Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, and
stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on
their destruction. Done at Washington, London, and Moscow
Apr. 10, 1972. Entered into force Mar. 26, 1975. TIAS 8062.
Accession deposited: Zimbabwe,
Nov. 5, 1990.
Gas
Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating,
poisonous, or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of
warfare. Done at Geneva June 17, 1925. Entered into force Feb. 8,
1928; for the US Apr. 10, 1975. TIAS 8061.
Accession deposited: Angola, Oct. 30, 1990.1
International Court of Justice
Declaration recognizing as compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice under Art. 36, para. 2 of the statute
of the Court. 59 Stat. 1055; TS 993.2
Declaration deposited: Poland, Sept. 25, 1990.
Narcotic Drugs
United Nations convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs
and psychotropic substances, with annex and final act. Done at
Vienna Dec. 20, 1988. Entered into force Nov. 11, 1990. [Senate]
Treaty Doc. 101-4.
Ratifications deposited: USSR, Dec. 17, 1990; Egypt, Mar. 15, 1991.
Accession deposited: Oman, Mar. 15, 1991.
Pollution
Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. Done at
Geneva Nov. 13, 1979. Entered into force Mar. 16, 1983. TIAS
10541.
Ratification deposited: Romania, Feb. 27, 1991.
Convention for the protection of the ozone layer, with annexes.
Done at Vienna Mar. 22, 1985. Entered into force Sept. 22, 1988.
(Senate) Treaty
Doc. 99-9.
Accession deposited: India, Mar. 18, 1991.
Seabed Operations
Memorandum of understanding on the avoidance of overlaps and
conflicts relating to deep seabed areas, with annexes. Signed at
New York Feb. 22, 1991. Entered into force Feb. 22, 1991.
Terrorism
Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crimes against
internationally protected persons, including diplomatic agents.
Done at New York Dec. 14, 1973. Entered into force Feb. 20, 1977.
TIAS 8532.
Accession deposited: Sri Lanka, Feb. 27, 1991.
Torture
Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment. Done at New York Dec. 10, 1984. Entered
into force June 26, 1987.3
Accession deposited:
Romania, Dec. 18, 1990.
Treaties
Vienna convention on the law of treaties, with annex. Done at
Vienna May 23, 1969. Entered into force Jan. 27, 1980.3
Accession deposited: Oman, Oct. 18, 1990.4
Treaties--International Organizations
Vienna convention on the law of treaties between states and
international organizations or between international organizations,
with annex. Done at Vienna Mar. 21, 1986.5
Accession deposited: Czechoslovakia, Oct. 19, 1990.
United Nations
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court
of Justice. Signed at San Francisco June 26, 1945. Entered into
force Oct. 24, 1945. 59 Stat. 1031, TS 993.
Admitted to membership: Liechtenstein, Sept. 18, 1990.
Bilateral
Albania
Memorandum of understanding concerning the re-establishment of
diplomatic relations. Signed at Washington Mar. 15, 1991. Entered
into force Mar. 15, 1991.
Treaty of naturalization. Signed at Tirana Apr. 5, 1932. Entered
into force Jul. 22, 1935. TS 892; 49 Stat, (2) 3241.
Terminated: Mar. 15, 1991.
Bahrain
Agreement concerning the deployment of US forces, with exchange
of letters. Signed at Manama Jan. 13, 1991. Entered into force Jan.
13, 1991.
Canada
Agreement on air quality, with annexes. Signed at Ottawa Mar. 13,
1991. Entered into force Mar. 13, 1991.
China
Agreement concerning the mutual provision of properties for use of
the two countries, with appendices. Signed at Beijing Mar. 23,
1991. Entered into force Apr. 22, 1991.
Costa Rica
Agreement for the exchange of information with respect to taxes,
with exchange of notes. Signed at San Jose Mar. 15, 1989. Entered
into force Feb. 12, 1991.
Denmark
Memorandum of understanding concerning use of Sondrestrom
Aviation Facility, Kulusuk Airfield, and other matters related to US
military activities in Greenland. Signed at Copenhagen Mar. 13,
1991. Entered into force Mar. 13, 1991.
Israel
Memorandum of understanding concerning cooperation in the field of
environmental protection, with annexes. Signed at Jerusalem Feb. 20,
1991. Entered into force Feb. 20, 1991.
Italy
Protocol amending the air transport agreement of June 22, 1970
(TIAS 6957). Signed at Washington Oct. 25, 1988. Entered into
force Mar. 28, 1991.
Korea
Memorandum of understanding for a cooperative technology project
concerning coastal/harbor defense, with annex. Signed at
Washington and Taejon Nov. 13 and 26, 1990.
Entered into force: Nov. 26, 1990.
Agreement for the establishment of the Joint US Military Affairs
Group to the Republic of Korea. Signed at Seoul Jan. 25, 1991.
Entered into force Feb. 27, 1991.
Marshall Islands
Agreement for the exchange of information with respect to taxes,
with attachment and exchange of notes. Signed at Majuro March 14,
1991. Entered into force Mar. 14, 1991.
United Arab Emirates
Agreement relating to trade in textiles and textile products, with
annexes. Effected by exchange of notes at Abu Dhabi Jan. 26 and
Feb. 5, 1991. Entered into force Feb. 5, 1991; effective Jan. 1,
1989.
United Kingdom
Memorandum of understanding concerning the measures to be taken
for the transfer to, and security and safeguarding of, MK IV radar
instrumentation system technical information, software, and
equipment in the United Kingdom. Signed at Washington Feb. 6,
1991. Entered into force Feb. 6, 1991.
1 With reservation.
2 With conditions.
3 Not in force for the US.
4 With declaration.
5 Not in force.
(###)