US Department of State Dispatch Supplement
VOL. 2, NO 4, September 1991 (Part I)
Title: Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Date: Jul 9, 19917/9/91
Category: Treaties/Agreements
Region: Europe, E/C Europe
Country: Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,
Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Spain, Turkey, USSR (former), United Kingdom,
Ireland, United States
Subject: Arms Control
[TEXT]
Letter of Transmittal
President Bush, The White House, July 9, 1991
To the Senate of the United States:
I transmit herewith, for the advice and consent of the Senate
to ratification, the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
(CFE). The Treaty includes the following documents, which are
integral parts thereof: the Protocol on Existing Types (with an
Annex thereto), the Protocol on Aircraft Reclassification, the
Protocol on Reduction, the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorization,
the Protocol on Information Exchange (with an Annex on Format),
the Protocol on Inspection, the Protocol on the Joint Consultative
Group, and the Protocol on Provisional Application. The Treaty,
together with the Protocols, was signed at Paris on November 19,
1990. I transmit also, for the information of the Senate, the Report
of the Department of State on the Treaty.
In addition, I transmit herewith, for the information of the
Senate, six documents associated with, but not part of, the Treaty
that are relevant to the Senate's consideration of the Treaty:
Statement by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, dated June
14, 1991; Statement by the Government of the United States of
America, dated June 14, 1991, responding to the Statement by the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Statements identical in content
were made by the 20 other signatory states on the same date.
Copies of these Statements are also transmitted.); Declaration by
the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Personnel
Strength of German Armed Forces, dated November 19, 1990;
Declaration of the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional
Armed Forces in Europe With Respect to Personnel Strength, dated
November 19, 1990; Declaration of the States Parties to the Treaty
on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe With Respect to Land-Based
Naval Aircraft, dated November 19, 1990; and Statement by the
Representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the
Joint Consultative Group, dated June 14, 1991. The first two
Statements are legally binding and constitute a separate
international agreement, while the latter four documents represent
political commitments.
The CFE Treaty is the most ambitious arms control agreement
ever concluded. The complexities of negotiating a treaty involving
22 nations and tens of thousands of armaments spread over an area
of more than two and a half million square miles were immense.
Difficult technical issues such as definitions, counting rules,
methods for destroying reduced equipment, and inspection rights
were painstakingly negotiated.
The Treaty is the first conventional arms control agreement
since World War II. It marks the first time in history that
European nations, together with the United States and Canada, have
agreed to reduce and numerically limit their land-based
conventional military equipment, especially equipment necessary to
conduct offensive operations. Significantly, the reductions will
eliminate the overwhelming Soviet numerical advantage in
conventional armaments that has existed in Europe for more than 40
years. The Treaty's limits enhance stability by ending force
disparities, and they limit the capability for launching surprise
attack and initiating large-scale offensive action in Europe.
The Treaty contains a wide-ranging verification regime. Under
this regime, in which intrusive on-site inspection complements
national technical means to monitor compliance, ground and air
forces of the participating states in the area of application of the
Treaty will be subject to inspection, either at declared sites or
with challenge inspections. The Treaty also provides for a detailed
information exchange on the command organization of each
participating state's land, air, and air defense forces as well as
information about the number and location of each participating
state's military equipment, subject to the limitations and other
provisions of the Treaty. This information will be updated
periodically and as significant changes to such data and reductions
of equipment take place.
The military equipment to be reduced and limited consists of
battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, artillery, attack
helicopters, and combat aircraft in service with the conventional
armed forces of the States Parties in Europe from the Atlantic to
the Urals. Inclusion of the Baltic military district within the area
of application of the Treaty ensures that the Treaty's limits apply
comprehensively to all Soviet forces within the area. This does not
represent any change in the long-standing US policy of non-
recognition of the forcible incorporation of the Baltic States into
the Soviet Union. At the conclusion of the 40-month reduction
period, the numerical limits on this equipment in the area of
application for each group of participating states will be as
follows: 20,000 battle tanks, 30,000 armored combat vehicles,
20,000 pieces of artillery, 2,000 attack helicopters, and 6,800
combat aircraft. All military equipment subject to and in excess of
these limits that was in the area of application at the time of
Treaty signature or entry into force (whichever amount is greater)
must be destroyed or, within specified limits, converted to
nonmilitary or other purposes. Subceilings are established for
specific geographical zones within the area of application, the
purpose of these being to thin out forces on the central front while
forestalling buildups in the flank areas. Under the so-called
"sufficiency rule" of the Treaty, no State Party may hold more than
approximately one-third of the total amount of equipment in these
five categories permitted within the area of application as a whole.
Above and beyond eliminating force disparities and limiting
the capability for launching large-scale offensive action, the CFE
Treaty will be of major importance in laying the indispensable
foundation for the post-Cold War security architecture in Europe.
Only with this foundation in place can we move from a European
security order based on confrontation to one based on cooperation.
I believe that the CFE Treaty is in the best interests of the
United States and represents an important step in defining the new
security regime in Europe. It achieves unprecedented arms
reductions that strengthen US, Canadian, and European security.
Therefore, I urge the Senate to give early and favorable
consideration to the Treaty and its related Protocols and Annexes,
and to give advice and consent to its ratification.
GEORGE BUSH
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Text of treaty signed on November 19, 1990, Paris, France
The Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech
and Slovak Federal Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French
Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic,
the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Iceland, the Italian
Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Poland, the
Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of
Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of
America, hereinafter referred to as the States Parties,
Guided by the Mandate for Negotiation on Conventional Armed
Forces in Europe of January 10, 1989, and having conducted this
negotiation in Vienna beginning on March 9, 1989,
Guided by the objectives and the purposes of the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe, within the framework of which
the negotiation of this Treaty was conducted,
Recalling their obligation to refrain in their mutual relations,
as well as in their international relations in general, from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political
independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,
Conscious of the need to prevent any military conflict in
Europe,
Conscious of the common responsibility which they all have
for seeking to achieve greater stability and security in Europe,
Striving to replace military confrontation with a new pattern
of security relations among all the States Parties based on peaceful
cooperation and thereby to contribute to overcoming the division of
Europe,
Committed to the objectives of establishing a secure and
stable balance of conventional armed forces in Europe at lower
levels than heretofore, of eliminating disparities prejudicial to
stability and security and of eliminating, as a matter of high
priority, the capability for launching surprise attack and for
initiating large-scale offensive action in Europe,
Recalling that they signed or acceded to the Treaty of Brussels
of 1948, the Treaty of Washington of 1949 or the Treaty of Warsaw
of 1955 and that they have the right to be or not to be a party to
treaties of alliance,
Committed to the objective of ensuring that the numbers of
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty within
the area of application of this Treaty do not exceed 40,000 battle
tanks, 60,000 armoured combat vehicles, 40,000 pieces of artillery,
13,600 combat aircraft and 4,000 attack helicopters,
Affirming that this Treaty is not intended to affect adversely
the security interests of any State,
Affirming their commitment to continue the conventional arms
control process including negotiations, taking into account future
requirements for European stability and security in the light of
political developments in Europe,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
1. Each State Party shall carry out the obligations set forth in
this Treaty in accordance with its provisions, including those
obligations relating to the following five categories of conventional
armed forces: battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery,
combat aircraft and combat helicopters.
2. Each State Party also shall carry out the other measures
set forth in this Treaty designed to ensure security and stability
both during the period of reduction of conventional armed forces and
after the completion of reductions.
3. This Treaty incorporates the Protocol on Existing Types of
Conventional Armaments and Equipment, hereinafter referred to as
the Protocol on Existing Types, with an Annex thereto; the Protocol
on Procedures Governing the Reclassification of Specific Models or
Versions of Combat-Capable Trainer Aircraft Into Unarmed Trainer
Aircraft, hereinafter referred to as the Protocol on Aircraft
Reclassification; the Protocol on Procedures Governing the
Reduction of Conventional Armaments and Equipment Limited by the
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, hereinafter referred
to as the Protocol on Reduction; the Protocol on Procedures
Governing the Categorisation of Combat Helicopters and the
Recategorisation of Multi-Purpose Attack Helicopters, hereinafter
referred to as the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorisation; the
Protocol on Notification and Exchange of Information, hereinafter
referred to as the Protocol on Information Exchange, with an Annex
on the Format for the Exchange of Information, hereinafter referred
to as the Annex on Format; the Protocol on Inspection; the Protocol
on the Joint Consultative Group; and the Protocol on the Provisional
Application of Certain Provisions of the Treaty on Conventional
Armed Forces in Europe, hereinafter referred to as the Protocol on
Provisional Application. Each of these documents constitutes an
integral part of this Treaty.
Article II
1. For the purposes of this Treaty:
(A) The term "group of States Parties" means the group of
States Parties that signed the Treaty of Warsaw* of 1955
consisting of the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Federal
Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Poland, Romania
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the group of States
Parties that signed or acceded to the Treaty of Brussels** of 1948
or the Treaty of Washington*** of 1949 consisting of the Kingdom
of Belgium, Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic,
the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic
of Iceland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portuguese
Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of Turkey, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States
of America.
(B) The term "area of application" means the entire land
territory of the States Parties in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Ural Mountains, which includes all the European island
territories of the States Parties, including the Faroe Islands of the
Kingdom of Denmark, Svalbard including Bear Island of the Kingdom
of Norway, the islands of Azores and Madeira of the Portuguese
Republic, the Canary Islands of the Kingdom of Spain and Franz
Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics. In the case of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the area of application includes all territory lying west of the Ural
River and the Caspian Sea. In the case of the Republic of Turkey, the
area of application includes the territory of the Republic of Turkey
north and west of a line extending from the point of intersection of
the Turkish border with the 39th parallel to Muradiye, Patnos,
Karayazi, Tekman, Kemaliye, Feke, Ceyhan, Dogankent, Gzne and
thence to the sea.
(C) The term "battle tank" means a self-propelled armoured
fighting vehicle, capable of heavy firepower, primarily of a high
muzzle velocity direct fire main gun necessary to engage armoured
and other targets, with high cross-country mobility, with a high
level of self-protection, and which is not designed and equipped
primarily to transport combat troops. Such armoured vehicles serve
as the principal weapon system of ground-force tank and other
armoured formations.
Battle tanks are tracked armoured fighting vehicles which
weigh at least 16.5 metric tonnes unladen weight and which are
armed with a 360-degree traverse gun of at least 75 millimetres
calibre. In addition, any wheeled armoured fighting vehicles
entering into service which meet all the other criteria stated above
shall also be deemed battle tanks.
(D) The term "armoured combat vehicle" means a self-
propelled vehicle with armoured protection and cross-country
capability. Armoured combat vehicles include armoured personnel
carriers, armoured infantry fighting vehicles and heavy armament
combat vehicles.
The term "armoured personnel carrier" means an armoured
combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a
combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an
integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre.
The term "armoured infantry fighting vehicle" means an
armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped primarily
to transport a combat infantry squad, which normally provides the
capability for the troops to deliver fire from inside the vehicle
under armoured protection, and which is armed with an integral or
organic cannon of at least 20 millimetres calibre and sometimes an
antitank missile launcher. Armoured infantry fighting vehicles
serve as the principal weapon system of armoured infantry or
mechanised infantry or motorised infantry formations and units of
ground forces.
The term "heavy armament combat vehicle" means an armoured
combat vehicle with an integral or organic direct fire gun of at
least 75 millimetres calibre, weighing at least 6.0 metric tonnes
unladen weight, which does not fall within the definitions of an
armoured personnel carrier, or an armoured infantry fighting
vehicle or a battle tank.
(E) The term "unladen weight" means the weight of a vehicle
excluding the weight of ammunition; fuel, oil and lubricants;
removable reactive armour; spare parts, tools and accessories;
removable snorkeling equipment; and crew and their personal kit.
(F) The term "artillery" means large calibre systems capable
of engaging ground targets by delivering primarily indirect fire.
Such artillery systems provide the essential indirect fire support
to combined arms formations.
Large calibre artillery systems are guns, howitzers, artillery
pieces combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers,
mortars and multiple launch rocket systems with a calibre of 100
millimetres and above. In addition, any future large calibre direct
fire system which has a secondary effective indirect fire capability
shall be counted against the artillery ceilings.
(G) The term "stationed conventional armed forces" means
conventional armed forces of a State Party that are stationed
within the area of application on the territory of another State
Party.
(H) The term "designated permanent storage site" means a
place with a clearly defined physical boundary containing
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty, which
are counted within overall ceilings but which are not subject to
limitations on conventional armaments and equipment limited by
the Treaty in active units.
(I) The term "armoured vehicle launched bridge" means a self-
propelled armoured transporter-launcher vehicle capable of
carrying and, through built-in mechanisms, of emplacing and
retrieving a bridge structure. Such a vehicle with a bridge
structure operates as an integrated system.
(J) The term "conventional armaments and equipment limited
by the Treaty" means battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles,
artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters subject to the
numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI.
(K) The term "combat aircraft" means a fixed-wing or
variable-geometry wing aircraft armed and equipped to engage
targets by employing guided missiles, unguided rockets, bombs,
guns, cannons, or other weapons of destruction, as well as any
model or version of such an aircraft which performs other military
functions such as reconnaissance or electronic warfare. The term
"combat aircraft" does not include primary trainer aircraft.
(L) The term "combat helicopter" means a rotary wing aircraft
armed and equipped to engage targets or equipped to perform other
military functions. The term "combat helicopter" comprises attack
helicopters and combat support helicopters. The term "combat
helicopter" does not include unarmed transport helicopters.
(M) The term "attack helicopter" means a combat helicopter
equipped to employ anti-armour, air-to-ground, or air-to-air guided
weapons and equipped with an integrated fire control and aiming
system for these weapons. The term "attack helicopter" comprises
specialised attack helicopters and multi-purpose attack
helicopters.
(N) The term "specialised attack helicopter" means an attack
helicopter that is designed primarily to employ guided weapons.
(O) The term "multi-purpose attack helicopter" means an
attack helicopter designed to perform multiple military functions
and equipped to employ guided weapons.
(P) The term "combat support helicopter" means a combat
helicopter which does not fulfill the requirements to qualify as an
attack helicopter and which may be equipped with a variety of self-
defence and area suppression weapons, such as guns, cannons and
unguided rockets, bombs or cluster bombs, or which may be equipped
to perform other military functions.
(Q) The term "conventional armaments and equipment subject
to the Treaty" means battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles,
artillery, combat aircraft, primary trainer aircraft, unarmed trainer
aircraft, combat helicopters, unarmed transport helicopters,
armoured vehicle launched bridges, armoured personnel carrier
look-alikes and armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-alikes
subject to information exchange in accordance with the Protocol on
Information Exchange.
(R) The term "in service," as it applies to conventional armed
forces and conventional armaments and equipment, means battle
tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft,
primary trainer aircraft, unarmed trainer aircraft, combat
helicopters, unarmed transport helicopters, armoured vehicle
launched bridges, armoured personnel carrier look-alikes and
armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-alikes that are within the
area of application, except for those that are held by organisations
designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security
functions or that meet any of the exceptions set forth in Article III.
(S) The terms "armoured personnel carrier look-alike" and
"armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-alike" mean an armoured
vehicle based on the same chassis as, and externally similar to, an
armoured personnel carrier or armoured infantry fighting vehicle,
respectively, which does not have a cannon or gun of 20 millimetres
calibre or greater and which has been constructed or modified in
such a way as not to permit the transportation of a combat infantry
squad. Taking into account the provisions of the Geneva Convention
"For the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the Field" of 12 August 1949 that confer a special
status on ambulances, armoured personnel carrier ambulances shall
not be deemed armoured combat vehicles or armoured personnel
carrier look-alikes.
(T) The term "reduction site" means a clearly designated
location where the reduction of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty in accordance with Article VIII
takes place.
(U) The term "reduction liability" means the number in each
category of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty that a State Party commits itself to reduce during the period
of 40 months following the entry into force of this Treaty in order
to ensure compliance with Article VII.
2. Existing types of conventional armaments and equipment
subject to the Treaty are listed in the Protocol on Existing Types.
The lists of existing types shall be periodically updated in
accordance with Article XVI, paragraph 2, subparagraph (D) and
Section IV of the Protocol on Existing Types. Such updates to the
existing types lists shall not be deemed amendments to this Treaty.
3. The existing types of combat helicopters listed in the
Protocol on Existing Types shall be categorised in accordance with
Section I of the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorisation.
Article III
1. For the purposes of this Treaty, the States Parties shall
apply the following counting rules:
All battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat
aircraft and attack helicopters, as defined in Article II, within the
area of application shall be subject to the numerical limitations
and other provisions set forth in Articles IV, V and VI, with the
exception of those which in a manner consistent with a State
Party's normal practices:
(A) are in the process of manufacture, including
manufacturing-related testing;
(B) are used exclusively for the purposes of research and
development;
(C) belong to historical collections;
(D) are awaiting disposal, having been decommissioned from
service in accordance with the provisions of Article IX;
(E) are awaiting, or are being refurbished for, export or re-
export and are temporarily retained within the area of application.
Such battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat
aircraft and attack helicopters shall be located elsewhere than at
sites declared under the terms of Section V of the Protocol on
Information Exchange or at no more than 10 such declared sites
which shall have been notified in the previous year's annual
information exchange. In the latter case, they shall be separately
distinguishable from conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty;
(F) are, in the case of armoured personnel carriers, armoured
infantry fighting vehicles, heavy armament combat vehicles or
multi-purpose attack helicopters, held by organisations designed
and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions;
or
(G) are in transit through the area of application from a
location outside the area of application to a final destination
outside the area of application, and are in the area of application
for no longer than a total of seven days.
2. If, in respect of any such battle tanks, armoured combat
vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft or attack helicopters, the
notification of which is required under Section IV of the Protocol on
Information Exchange, a State Party notifies an unusually high
number in more than two successive annual information exchanges,
it shall explain the reasons in the Joint Consultative Group, if so
requested.
Article IV
1. Within the area of application, as defined in Article II, each
State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks,
armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack
helicopters so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty
and thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs,
as defined in Article II, the aggregate numbers do not exceed:
(A) 20,000 battle tanks, of which no more than 16,500 shall
be in active units;
(B) 30,000 armoured combat vehicles, of which no more than
27,300 shall be in active units. Of the 30,000 armoured combat
vehicles, no more than 18,000 shall be armoured infantry fighting
vehicles and heavy armament combat vehicles; of armoured infantry
fighting vehicles and heavy armament combat vehicles, no more
than 1,500 shall be heavy armament combat vehicles;
(C) 20,000 pieces of artillery, of which no more than 17,000
shall be in active units;
(D) 6,800 combat aircraft; and
(E) 2,000 attack helicopters.
Battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery not in
active units shall be placed in designated permanent storage sites,
as defined in Article II, and shall be located only in the area
described in paragraph 2 of this Article. Such designated permanent
storage sites may also be located in that part of the territory of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics comprising the Odessa Military
District and the southern part of the Leningrad Military District. In
the Odessa Military District, no more than 400 battle tanks and no
more than 500 pieces of artillery may be thus stored. In the
southern part of the Leningrad Military District, no more than 600
battle tanks, no more than 800 armoured combat vehicles, including
no more than 300 armoured combat vehicles of any type with the
remaining number consisting of armoured personnel carriers, and no
more than 400 pieces of artillery may be thus stored. The southern
part of the Leningrad Military District is understood to mean the
territory within that military district south of the line East-West
60 degrees 15 minutes northern latitude.
2. Within the area consisting of the entire land territory in
Europe, which includes all the European island territories, of the
Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the
Kingdom of Denmark including the Faroe Islands, the French
Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary,
the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic
including the islands of Azores and Madeira, the Kingdom of Spain
including the Canary Islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland and that part of the territory of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics west of the Ural Mountains comprising
the Baltic, Byelorussian, Carpathian, Kiev, Moscow and Volga-Ural
Military Districts, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary,
reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery so
that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter,
for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate
numbers do not exceed:
(A) 15,300 battle tanks, of which no more than 11,800 shall
be in active units;
(B) 24,100 armoured combat vehicles, of which no more than
21,400 shall be in active units; and
(C) 14,000 pieces of artillery, of which no more than 11,000
shall be in active units.
3. Within the area consisting of the entire land territory in
Europe, which includes all the European island territories, of the
Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the
Kingdom of Denmark including the Faroe Islands, the French
Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary,
the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, the Republic of Poland, the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and that part of the territory of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics comprising the Baltic,
Byelorussian, Carpathian and Kiev Military Districts, each State
Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks,
armoured combat vehicles and artillery so that, 40 months after
entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of
States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate numbers in active
units do not exceed:
(A) 10,300 battle tanks;
(B) 19,260 armoured combat vehicles; and
(C) 9,100 pieces of artillery; and
(D) in the Kiev Military District, the aggregate numbers in
active units and designated permanent storage sites together shall
not exceed:
(1) 2,250 battle tanks;
(2) 2,500 armoured combat vehicles; and
(3) 1,500 pieces of artillery.
4. Within the area consisting of the entire land territory in
Europe, which includes all the European island territories, of the
Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the
Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary, the Grand
Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the
Republic of Poland, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary,
reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery so
that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter,
for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate
numbers in active units do not exceed:
(A) 7,500 battle tanks;
(B) 11,250 armoured combat vehicles; and
(C) 5,000 pieces of artillery.
5. States Parties belonging to the same group of States
Parties may locate battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and
artillery in active units in each of the areas described in this
Article and Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (A) up to the
numerical limitations applying in that area, consistent with the
maximum levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII and
provided that no State Party stations conventional armed forces on
the territory of another State Party without the agreement of that
State Party.
6. If a group of States Parties' aggregate numbers of battle
tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery in active units within
the area described in paragraph 4 of this Article are less than the
numerical limitations set forth in paragraph 4 of this Article, and
provided that no State Party is thereby prevented from reaching its
maximum levels for holdings notified in accordance with Article
VII, paragraphs 2, 3 and 5, then amounts equal to the difference
between the aggregate numbers in each of the categories of battle
tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery and the specified
numerical limitations for that area may be located by States
Parties belonging to that group of States Parties in the area
described in paragraph 3 of this Article, consistent with the
numerical limitations specified in paragraph 3 of this Article.
Article V
1. To ensure that the security of each State Party is not
affected adversely at any stage:
(A) within the area consisting of the entire land territory in
Europe, which includes all the European island territories, of the
Republic of Bulgaria, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Iceland,
the Kingdom of Norway, Romania, the part of the Republic of Turkey
within the area of application and that part of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics comprising the Leningrad, Odessa,
Transcaucasus and North Caucasus Military Districts, each State
Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks,
armoured combat vehicles and artillery so that, 40 months after
entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of
States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate numbers in active
units do not exceed the difference between the overall numerical
limitations set forth in Article IV, paragraph 1 and those in Article
IV, paragraph 2, that is:
(1) 4,700 battle tanks;
(2) 5,900 armoured combat vehicles; and
(3) 6,000 pieces of artillery;
(B) notwithstanding the numerical limitations set forth in
subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, a State Party or States Parties
may on a temporary basis deploy into the territory belonging to the
members of the same group of States Parties within the area
described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph additional aggregate
numbers in active units for each group of States Parties not to
exceed:
(1) 459 battle tanks;
(2) 723 armoured combat vehicles; and
(3) 420 pieces of artillery; and
(C) provided that for each group of States Parties no more
than one-third of each of these additional aggregate numbers shall
be deployed to any State Party with territory within the area
described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, that is:
(1) 153 battle tanks;
(2) 241 armoured combat vehicles; and
(3) 140 pieces of artillery.
2. Notification shall be provided to all other States Parties no
later than at the start of the deployment by the State Party or
States Parties conducting the deployment and by the recipient State
Party or States Parties, specifying the total number in each
category of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery
deployed. Notification also shall be provided to all other States
Parties by the State Party or States Parties conducting the
deployment and by the recipient State Party or States Parties
within 30 days of the withdrawal of those battle tanks, armoured
combat vehicles and artillery that were temporarily deployed.
Article VI
With the objective of ensuring that no single State Party possesses
more than approximately one-third of the conventional armaments
and equipment limited by the Treaty within the area of application,
each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle
tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and
attack helicopters so that, 40 months after entry into force of this
Treaty and thereafter, the numbers within the area of application
for that State Party do not exceed:
(A) 13,300 battle tanks;
(B) 20,000 armoured combat vehicles;
(C) 13,700 pieces of artillery;
(D) 5,150 combat aircraft; and
(E) 1,500 attack helicopters.
Article VII
1. In order that the limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and
VI are not exceeded, no State Party shall exceed, from 40 months
after entry into force of this Treaty, the maximum levels which it
has previously agreed upon within its group of States Parties, in
accordance with paragraph 7 of this Article, for its holdings of
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty and of
which it has provided notification pursuant to the provisions of this
Article.
2. Each State Party shall provide at the signature of this
Treaty notification to all other States Parties of the maximum
levels for its holdings of conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty. The notification of the maximum levels for
holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty provided by each State Party at the signature of this Treaty
shall remain valid until the date specified in a subsequent
notification pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article.
3. In accordance with the limitations set forth in Articles IV,
V and VI, each State Party shall have the right to change the
maximum levels for its holdings of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty. Any change in the maximum levels
for holdings of a State Party shall be notified by that State Party to
all other States Parties at least 90 days in advance of the date,
specified in the notification, on which such a change takes effect.
In order not to exceed any of the limitations set forth in Articles IV
and V, any increase in the maximum levels for holdings of a State
Party that would otherwise cause those limitations to be exceeded
shall be preceded or accompanied by a corresponding reduction in
the previously notified maximum levels for holdings of conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty of one or more
States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties. The
notification of a change in the maximum levels for holdings shall
remain valid from the date specified in the notification until the
date specified in a subsequent notification of change pursuant to
this paragraph.
4. Each notification required pursuant to paragraph 2 or 3 of
this Article for armoured combat vehicles shall also include
maximum levels for the holdings of armoured infantry fighting
vehicles and heavy armament combat vehicles of the State Party
providing the notification.
5. Ninety days before expiration of the 40-month period of
reductions set forth in Article VIII and subsequently at the time of
any notification of a change pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article,
each State Party shall provide notification of the maximum levels
for its holdings of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and
artillery with re-spect to each of the areas described in Article IV,
paragraphs 2 to 4 and Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (A).
6. A decrease in the numbers of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty held by a State Party and subject
to notification pursuant to the Protocol on Information Exchange
shall by itself confer no right on any other State Party to increase
the maximum levels for its holdings subject to notification
pursuant to this Article.
7. It shall be the responsibility solely of each individual State
Party to ensure that the maximum levels for its holdings notified
pursuant to the provisions of this Article are not exceeded. States
Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties shall consult
in order to ensure that the maximum levels for holdings notified
pursuant to the provisions of this Article, taken together as
appropriate, do not exceed the limitations set forth in Articles IV,
V and VI.
Article VIII
1. The numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI
shall be achieved only by means of reduction in accordance with the
Protocol on Reduction, the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorisation,
the Protocol on Aircraft Reclassification, the Footnote to Section I,
paragraph 2, subparagraph (A) of the Protocol on Existing Types and
the Protocol on Inspection.
2. The categories of conventional armaments and equipment
subject to reductions are battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles,
artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters. The specific types
are listed in the Protocol on Existing Types.
(A) Battle tanks and armoured combat vehicles shall be
reduced by destruction, conversion for non-military purposes,
placement on static display, use as ground targets, or, in the case
of armoured personnel carriers, modification in accordance with the
Footnote to Section I, paragraph 2, subparagraph (A) of the Protocol
on Existing Types.
(B) Artillery shall be reduced by destruction or placement on
static display, or, in the case of self-propelled artillery, by use as
ground targets.
(C) Combat aircraft shall be reduced by destruction,
placement on static display, use for ground instructional purposes,
or, in the case of specific models or versions of combat-capable
trainer aircraft, reclassification into unarmed trainer aircraft.
(D) Specialised attack helicopters shall be reduced by
destruction, placement on static display, or use for ground
instructional purposes.
(E) Multi-purpose attack helicopters shall be reduced by
destruction, placement on static display, use for ground
instructional purposes, or recategorisation.
3. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty shall be deemed to be reduced upon execution of the
procedures set forth in the Protocols listed in paragraph 1 of this
Article and upon notification as required by these Protocols.
Armaments and equipment so reduced shall no longer be counted
against the numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI.
4. Reductions shall be effected in three phases and completed
no later than 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty, so
that:
(A) by the end of the first reduction phase, that is, no later
than 16 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State
Party shall have ensured that at least 25 percent of its total
reduction liability in each of the categories of conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty has been reduced;
(B) by the end of the second reduction phase, that is, no later
than 28 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State
Party shall have ensured that at least 60 percent of its total
reduction liability in each of the categories of conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty has been reduced;
(C) by the end of the third reduction phase, that is, no later
than 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State
Party shall have reduced its total reduction liability in each of the
categories of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty. States Parties carrying out conversion for non-military
purposes shall have ensured that the conversion of all battle tanks
in accordance with Section VIII of the Protocol on Reduction shall
have been completed by the end of the third reduction phase; and
(D) armoured combat vehicles deemed reduced by reason of
having been partially destroyed in accordance with Section VIII,
paragraph 6 of the Protocol on Reduction shall have been fully
converted for non-military purposes, or destroyed in accordance
with Section IV of the Protocol on Reduction, no later than 64
months after entry into force of this Treaty.
5. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty to be reduced shall have been declared present within the
area of application in the exchange of information at signature of
this Treaty.
6. No later than 30 days after entry into force of this Treaty,
each State Party shall provide notification to all other States
Parties of its reduction liability.
7. Except as provided for in paragraph 8 of this Article, a
State Party's reduction liability in each category shall be no less
than the difference between its holdings notified, in accordance
with the Protocol on Information Exchange, at signature or
effective upon entry into force of this Treaty, whichever is the
greater, and the maximum levels for holdings it notified pursuant to
Article VII.
8. Any subsequent revision of a State Party's holdings notified
pursuant to the Protocol on Information Exchange or of its maximum
levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII shall be
reflected by a notified adjustment to its reduction liability. Any
notification of a decrease in a State Party's reduction liability
shall be preceded or accompanied by either a notification of a
corresponding increase in holdings not exceeding the maximum
levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII by one or more
States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties, or a
notification of a corresponding increase in the reduction liability of
one or more such States Parties.
9. Upon entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall
notify all other States Parties, in accordance with the Protocol on
Information Exchange, of the locations of its reduction sites,
including those where the final conversion of battle tanks and
armoured combat vehicles for non-military purposes will be carried
out.
10. Each State Party shall have the right to designate as many
reduction sites as it wishes, to revise with-out restriction its
designation of such sites and to carry out reduction and final
conversion simultaneously at a maximum of 20 sites. States
Parties shall have the right to share or co-locate reduction sites by
mutual agreement.
11. Notwithstanding paragraph 10 of this Article, during the
baseline validation period, that is, the interval between entry into
force of this Treaty and 120 days after entry into force of this
Treaty, reduction shall be carried out simultaneously at no more
than two reduction sites for each State Party.
12. Reduction of conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty shall be carried out at reduction sites, unless
otherwise specified in the Protocols listed in paragraph 1 of this
Article, within the area of application.
13. The reduction process, including the results of the
conversion of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty for non-military purposes both during the reduction period
and in the 24 months following the reduction period, shall be
subject to inspection, without right of refusal, in accordance with
the Protocol on Inspection.
Article IX
1. Other than removal from service in accordance with the
provisions of Article VIII, battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles,
artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters within the area of
application shall be removed from service only by decommissioning,
provided that:
(A) such conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty are decommissioned and awaiting disposal at no more than
eight sites which shall be notified as declared sites in accordance
with the Protocol on Information Exchange and shall be identified in
such notifications as holding areas for decommissioned
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty. If
sites containing conventional armaments and equipment limited by
the Treaty decommissioned from service also contain any other
conventional armaments and equipment subject to the Treaty, the
decommissioned conventional armaments and equipment limited by
the Treaty shall be separately distinguishable; and
(B) the numbers of such decommissioned conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty do not exceed, in
the case of any individual State Party, one percent of its notified
holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty, or a total of 250, whichever is greater, of which no more
than 200 shall be battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and pieces
of artillery, and no more than 50 shall be attack helicopters and
combat aircraft.
2. Notification of decommissioning shall include the number
and type of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty decommissioned and the location of decommissioning and
shall be provided to all other States Parties in accordance with
Section IX, paragraph 1, subparagraph (B) of the Protocol on
Information Exchange.
Article X
1. Designated permanent storage sites shall be notified in
accordance with the Protocol on Information Exchange to all other
States Parties by the State Party to which the conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty contained at
designated permanent storage sites belong. The notification shall
include the designation and location, including geographic
coordinates, of designated permanent storage sites and the numbers
by type of each category of its conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty at each such storage site.
2. Designated permanent storage sites shall contain only
facilities appropriate for the storage and maintenance of
armaments and equipment (e.g., warehouses, garages, workshops and
associated stores as well as other support accommodation).
Designated permanent storage sites shall not contain firing ranges
or training areas associated with conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty. Designated permanent storage
sites shall contain only armaments and equipment belonging to the
conventional armed forces of a State Party.
3. Each designated permanent storage site shall have a clearly
defined physical boundary that shall consist of a continuous
perimeter fence at least 1.5 metres in height. The perimeter fence
shall have no more than three gates providing the sole means of
entrance and exit for armaments and equipment.
4. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty located within designated permanent storage sites shall be
counted as conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty not in active units, including when they are temporarily
removed in accordance with paragraphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 of this
Article. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty in storage other than in designated permanent storage sites
shall be counted as conventional armaments and equipment limited
by the Treaty in active units.
5. Active units or formations shall not be located within
designated permanent storage sites, except as provided for in
paragraph 6 of this Article.
6. Only personnel associated with the security or operation of
designated permanent storage sites, or the maintenance of the
armaments and equipment stored therein, shall be located within
the designated permanent storage sites.
7. For the purpose of maintenance, repair or modification of
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty
located within designated permanent storage sites, each State
Party shall have the right, without prior notification, to remove
from and retain outside designated permanent storage sites
simultaneously up to 10 percent, rounded up to the nearest even
whole number, of the notified holdings of each category of
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in
each designated permanent storage site, or 10 items of the
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in
each category in each designated permanent storage site, whichever
is less.
8. Except as provided for in paragraph 7 of this Article, no
State Party shall remove conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty from designated permanent storage sites
unless notification has been provided to all other States Parties at
least 42 days in advance of such removal. Notification shall be
given by the State Party to which the conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty belong. Such notification shall
specify:
(A) the location of the designated permanent storage site
from which conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty are to be removed and the numbers by type of conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty of each category to
be removed;
(B) the dates of removal and return of conventional armaments
and equipment limited by the Treaty; and
(C) the intended location and use of conventional armaments
and equipment limited by the Treaty while outside the designated
permanent storage site.
9. Except as provided for in paragraph 7 of this Article, the
aggregate numbers of conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty removed from and retained outside designated
permanent storage sites by States Parties belonging to the same
group of States Parties shall at no time exceed the following levels:
(A) 550 battle tanks;
(B) 1,000 armoured combat vehicles; and
(C) 300 pieces of artillery.
10. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty removed from designated permanent storage sites pursuant
to paragraphs 8 and 9 of this Article shall be returned to designated
permanent storage sites no later than 42 days after their removal,
except for those items of conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty removed for industrial rebuild. Such items
shall be returned to designated permanent storage sites
immediately on completion of the rebuild.
11. Each State Party shall have the right to replace
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty
located in designated permanent storage sites. Each State Party
shall notify all other States Parties, at the beginning of
replacement, of the number, location, type and disposition of
conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty being
replaced.
Article XI
1. Each State Party shall limit its armoured vehicle launched
bridges so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and
thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the
aggregate number of armoured vehicle launched bridges in active
units within the area of application does not exceed 740.
2. All armoured vehicle launched bridges within the area of
application in excess of the aggregate number specified in
paragraph 1 of this Article for each group of States Parties shall be
placed in designated permanent storage sites, as defined in Article
II. When armoured vehicle launched bridges are placed in a
designated permanent storage site, either on their own or together
with conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty,
Article X, paragraphs 1 to 6 shall apply to armoured vehicle
launched bridges as well as to conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty. Armoured vehicle launched
bridges placed in designated permanent storage sites shall not be
considered as being in active units.
3. Except as provided for in paragraph 6 of this Article,
armoured vehicle launched bridges may be removed, subject to the
provisions of paragraphs 4 and 5 of this Article, from designated
permanent storage sites only after notification has been provided to
all other States Parties at least 42 days prior to such removal.
This notification shall specify:
(A) the locations of the designated permanent storage sites
from which armoured vehicle launched bridges are to be removed
and the numbers of armoured vehicle launched bridges to be removed
from each such site;
(B) the dates of removal of armoured vehicle launched bridges
from and return to designated permanent storage sites; and
(C) the intended use of armoured vehicle launched bridges
during the period of their removal from designated permanent
storage sites.
4. Except as provided for in paragraph 6 of this Article,
armoured vehicle launched bridges removed from designated
permanent storage sites shall be returned to them no later than 42
days after the actual date of removal.
5. The aggregate number of armoured vehicle launched bridges
removed from and retained outside of designated permanent storage
sites by each group of States Parties shall not exceed 50 at any one
time.
6. States Parties shall have the right, for the purpose of
maintenance or modification, to remove and have outside of
designated permanent storage sites simultaneously up to 10
percent, rounded up to the nearest even whole number, of their
notified holdings of armoured vehicle launched bridges in each
designated permanent storage site, or 10 armoured vehicle launched
bridges from each designated permanent storage site, whichever is
less.
7. In the event of natural disasters involving flooding or
damage to permanent bridges, States Parties shall have the right to
withdraw armoured vehicle launched bridges from designated
permanent storage sites. Notification to all other States Parties of
such withdrawals shall be given at the time of withdrawal.
Article XII
1. Armoured infantry fighting vehicles held by organisations
of a State Party designed and structured to perform in peacetime
internal security functions, which are not structured and organised
for ground combat against an external enemy, are not limited by
this Treaty. The foregoing notwithstanding, in order to enhance the
implementation of this Treaty and to provide assurance that the
number of such armaments held by such organisations shall not be
used to circumvent the provisions of this Treaty, any such
armaments in excess of 1,000 armoured infantry fighting vehicles
assigned by a State Party to organisations designed and structured
to perform in peacetime internal security functions shall constitute
a portion of the permitted levels specified in Articles IV, V and VI.
No more than 600 such armoured infantry fighting vehicles of a
State Party, assigned to such organisations, may be located in that
part of the area of application described in Article V, paragraph 1,
subparagraph (A). Each State Party shall further ensure that such
organisations refrain from the acquisition of combat capabilities in
excess of those necessary for meeting internal security
requirements.
2. A State Party that intends to reassign battle tanks,
armoured infantry fighting vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft,
attack helicopters and armoured vehicle launched bridges in service
with its conventional armed forces to any organisation of that
State Party not a part of its conventional armed forces shall notify
all other States Parties no later than the date such reassignment
takes effect. Such notification shall specify the effective date of
the reassignment, the date such equipment is physically
transferred, as well as the numbers, by type, of the conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty being reassigned.
Article XIII
1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compliance with
the provisions of this Treaty, each State Party shall provide
notifications and exchange information pertaining to its
conventional armaments and equipment in accordance with the
Protocol on Information Exchange.
2. Such notifications and exchange of information shall be
provided in accordance with Article XVII.
3. Each State Party shall be responsible for its own
information; receipt of such information and of notifications shall
not imply validation or acceptance of the information provided.
Article XIV
1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compliance with
the provisions of this Treaty, each State Party shall have the right
to conduct, and the obligation to accept, within the area of
application, inspections in accordance with the provisions of the
Protocol on Inspection.
2. The purpose of such inspections shall be:
(A) to verify, on the basis of the information provided
pursuant to the Protocol on Information Exchange, the compliance of
States Parties with the numerical limitations set forth in Articles
IV, V and VI;
(B) to monitor the process of reduction of battle tanks,
armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack
helicopters carried out at reduction sites in accordance with
Article VIII and the Protocol on Reduction; and
(C) to monitor the certification of recategorised multi-
purpose attack helicopters and reclassified combat-capable trainer
aircraft carried out in accordance with the Protocol on Helicopter
Recategorisation and the Protocol on Aircraft Reclassification,
respectively.
3. No State Party shall exercise the rights set forth in
paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article in respect of States Parties
which belong to the group of States Parties to which it belongs in
order to elude the objectives of the verification regime.
4. In the case of an inspection conducted jointly by more than
one State Party, one of them shall be responsible for the execution
of the provisions of this Treaty.
5. The number of inspections pursuant to Sections VII and VIII
of the Protocol on Inspection which each State Party shall have the
right to conduct and the obligation to accept during each specified
time period shall be determined in accordance with the provisions
of Section II of that Protocol.
6. Upon completion of the 120-day residual level validation
period, each State Party shall have the right to conduct, and each
State Party with territory within the area of application shall have
the obligation to accept, an agreed number of aerial inspections
within the area of application. Such agreed numbers and other
applicable provisions shall be developed during negotiations
referred to in Article XVIII.
Article XV
1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compliance with
the provisions of this Treaty, a State Party shall have the right to
use, in addition to the procedures referred to in Article XIV,
national or multinational technical means of verification at its
disposal in a manner consistent with generally recognised
principles of international law.
2. A State Party shall not interfere with national or
multinational technical means of verification of another State
Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article.
3. A State Party shall not use concealment measures that
impede verification of compliance with the provisions of this
Treaty by national or multinational technical means of verification
of another State Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 of
this Article. This obligation does not apply to cover or concealment
practices associated with normal personnel training, maintenance
or operations involving conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty.
Article XVI
1. To promote the objectives and implementation of the
provisions of this Treaty, the States Parties hereby establish a
Joint Consultative Group.
2. Within the framework of the Joint Consultative Group, the
States Parties shall:
(A) address questions relating to compliance with or possible
circumvention of the provisions of this Treaty;
(B) seek to resolve ambiguities and differences of
interpretation that may become apparent in the way this Treaty is
implemented;
(C) consider and, if possible, agree on measures to enhance the
viability and effectiveness of this Treaty;
(D) update the lists contained in the Protocol on Existing
Types, as required by Article II, paragraph 2;
(E) resolve technical questions in order to seek common
practices among the States Parties in the way this Treaty is
implemented;
(F) work out or revise, as necessary, rules of procedure,
working methods, the scale of distribution of expenses of the Joint
Consultative Group and of conferences convened under this Treaty
and the distribution of costs of inspections between or among
States Parties;
(G) consider and work out appropriate measures to ensure that
information obtained through exchanges of information among the
States Parties or as a result of inspections pursuant to this Treaty
is used solely for the purposes of this Treaty, taking into account
the particular requirements of each State Party in respect of
safeguarding information which that State Party specifies as being
sensitive;
(H) consider, upon the request of any State Party, any matter
that a State Party wishes to propose for examination by any
conference to be convened in accordance with Article XXI; such
consideration shall not prejudice the right of any State Party to
resort to the procedures set forth in Article XXI; and
(I) consider matters of dispute arising out of the
implementation of this Treaty.
3. Each State Party shall have the right to raise before the
Joint Consultative Group, and have placed on its agenda, any issue
relating to this Treaty.
4. The Joint Consultative Group shall take decisions or make
recommendations by consensus. Consensus shall be understood to
mean the absence of any objection by any representative of a State
Party to the taking of a decision or the making of a recommendation.
5. The Joint Consultative Group may propose amendments to
this Treaty for consideration and confirmation in accordance with
Article XX. The Joint Consultative Group may also agree on
improvements to the viability and effectiveness of this Treaty,
consistent with its provisions. Unless such improvements relate
only to minor matters of an administrative or technical nature, they
shall be subject to consideration and confirmation in accordance
with Article XX before they can take effect.
6. Nothing in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit or
restrict any State Party from requesting information from or
undertaking consultations with other States Parties on matters
relating to this Treaty and its implementation in channels or fora
other than the Joint Consultative Group.
7. The Joint Consultative Group shall follow the procedures
set forth in the Protocol on the Joint Consultative Group.
Article XVII
The States Parties shall transmit information and notifications
required by this Treaty in written form. They shall use diplomatic
channels or other official channels designated by them, including in
particular a communications network to be established by a
separate arrangement.
Article XVIII
1. The States Parties, after signature of this Treaty, shall
continue the negotiations on conventional armed forces with the
same Mandate and with the goal of building on this Treaty.
2. The objective for these negotiations shall be to conclude an
agreement on additional measures aimed at further strengthening
security and stability in Europe, and pursuant to the Mandate,
including measures to limit the personnel strength of their
conventional armed forces within the area of application.
3. The States Parties shall seek to conclude these
negotiations no later than the follow-up meeting of the Conference
on Security and Cooperation in Europe to be held in Helsinki in 1992.
Article XIX
1. This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration. It may be
supplemented by a further treaty.
2. Each State Party shall, in exercising its national
sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if it
decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of
this Treaty have jeopardised its supreme interests. A State Party
intending to withdraw shall give notice of its decision to do so to
the Depositary and to all other States Parties. Such notice shall be
given at least 150 days prior to the intended withdrawal from this
Treaty. It shall include a statement of the extraordinary events the
State Party regards as having jeopardised its supreme interests.
3. Each State Party shall, in particular, in exercising its
national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if
another State Party increases its holdings in battle tanks, armoured
combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft or attack helicopters, as
defined in Article II, which are outside the scope of the limitations
of this Treaty, in such proportions as to pose an obvious threat to
the balance of forces within the area of application.
Article XX
1. Any State Party may propose amendments to this Treaty.
The text of a proposed amendment shall be submitted to the
Depositary, which shall circulate it to all the States Parties.
2. If an amendment is approved by all the States Parties, it
shall enter into force in accordance with the procedures set forth in
Article XXII governing the entry into force of this Treaty.
Article XXI
1. Forty-six months after entry into force of this Treaty, and
at five-year intervals thereafter, the Depositary shall convene a
conference of the States Parties to conduct a review of the
operation of this Treaty.
2. The Depositary shall convene an extraordinary conference of
the States Parties, if requested to do so by any State Party which
considers that exceptional circumstances relating to this Treaty
have arisen, in particular, in the event that a State Party has
announced its intention to leave its group of States Parties or to
join the other group of States Parties, as defined in Article II,
paragraph 1, subparagraph (A). In order to enable the other States
Parties to prepare for this conference, the request shall include the
reason why that State Party deems an extraordinary conference to
be necessary. The conference shall consider the circumstances set
forth in the request and their effect on the operation of this Treaty.
The conference shall open no later than 15 days after receipt of the
request and, unless it decides otherwise, shall last no longer than
three weeks.
3. The Depositary shall convene a conference of the States
Parties to consider an amendment proposed pursuant to Article XX,
if requested to do so by three or more States Parties. Such a
conference shall open no later than 21 days after receipt of the
necessary requests.
4. In the event that a State Party gives notice of its decision
to withdraw from this Treaty pursuant to Article XIX, the
Depositary shall convene a conference of the States Parties which
shall open no later than 21 days after receipt of the notice of
withdrawal in order to consider questions relating to the
withdrawal from this Treaty.
Article XXII
1. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by each State
Party in accordance with its constitutional procedures.
Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, hereby designated the
Depositary.
2. This Treaty shall enter into force 10 days after
instruments of ratification have been deposited by all States
Parties listed in the Preamble.
3. The Depositary shall promptly inform all States Parties of:
(A) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(B) the entry into force of this Treaty;
(C) any withdrawal in accordance with Article XIX and its
effective date;
(D) the text of any amendment proposed in accordance with
Article XX;
(E) the entry into force of any amendment to this Treaty;
(F) any request to convene a conference in accordance with
Article XXI;
(G) the convening of a conference pursuant to Article XXI; and
(H) any other matter of which the Depositary is required by
this Treaty to inform the States Parties.
4. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary pursuant
to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article XXIII
The original of this Treaty, of which the English, French, German,
Italian, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
deposited in the archives of the Depositary. Duly certified copies of
this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary to all the States
Parties.
Protocol on Existing Typesof Conventional Armaments and
Equipment
The States Parties hereby agree upon: (a) lists, valid as of the date
of Treaty signature, of existing types of conventional armaments
and equipment subject to the measures of limitation, reduction,
information exchange and verification; (b) procedures for the
provision of technical data and photographs relevant to such
existing types of conventional armaments and equipment; and (c)
procedures for updating the lists of such existing types of
conventional armaments and equipment, in accordance with Article
II of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of
November 19, 1990, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty.
Section I. Existing Types of Convention Armaments and
Equipment Limited by the Treaty
1. Existing types of battle tanks are:
M-1 T-34
M-60 T-54
M-48 T-55
M-47 T-62
Leopard 1 T-64
Leopard 2 T-72
AMX-30 T-80
Challenger TR-85
Chieftain TR-580
Centurion
M-41
NM-116
T-54
T-55
T-72
All models and versions of an existing type of battle tank
listed above shall be deemed to be battle tanks of that type.
2. Existing types of armoured combat vehicles are:
(A) Armoured Personnel Carriers:
YPR-765 BTR-40
AMX-13 VTT BTR-152
M113 BTR-50
M75 BTR-60
Spartan OT-62 (TOPAS)
Grizzly OT-64 (SKOT)
TPz-1 Fuchs OT-90
VAB FUG D-442
M59 BTR-70
Leonidas BTR-80
VCC1 BTR-D
VCC2 TAB-77
Saxon OT-810
AFV 432 PSZH D-944
Saracen TABC-79
Humber TAB-71
BDX MLVM
BMR-600 MT-LB*
Chaimite V200
V150S
EBR-ETT
M3A1
YP 408
BLR
VIB
LVTP-7
6614/G
BTR-152
BTR-50
BTR-60
BTR-70
MT-LB*
All models and versions of an existing type of armoured
personnel carrier listed above shall be deemed to be armoured
personnel carriers of that type, unless such models and versions are
included in the armoured personnel carrier look-alike list in Section
II, paragraph 1 of this Protocol.
(B) Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicles:
YPR-765 (25mm) BMP-1/BRM-1
Marder BMP-2
AMX-10P BMP-23
Warrior MLI-84
M2/M3 Bradley BMD-1
AFV 432 Rarden BMD-2
NM-135 BMP-3
BMP-1/BRM-1
BMP-2
All models and versions of an existing type of an armoured
infantry fighting vehicle listed above shall be deemed to be
armoured infantry fighting vehicles of that type, unless such
models and versions are included in the armoured infantry fighting
vehicle look-alike list in Section II, paragraph 2 of this Protocol.
(C) Heavy Armament Combat Vehicles:
AMX-10RC PT-76
ERC 90 Sagaye SU-76
BMR-625-90 SU-100
Commando V150 ISU-152
Scorpion
Saladin
JPK-90
M-24
AMX-13
EBR-75 Panhard
PT-76
All models and versions of an existing type of heavy armament
combat vehicle listed above shall be deemed to be heavy armament
combat vehicles of that type.
*This multi-purpose lightly armoured vehicle may be
exceptionally modified within 40 months of entry into force of the
Treaty into an armoured personnel carrier look-alike listed in
Section II, paragraph 1 of this Protocol as MT-LB-AT by alteration
of the interior of the vehicle through the removal of the left-hand
combat infantry squad seating and the welding of the ammunition
racking to the side and the floor at a minimum of six points so that
the vehicle is not capable of transporting a combat infantry squad.
Such modifications may be accomplished at locations other than
reduction sites. MT-LB armoured personnel carriers that have not
been modified shall be reported in accordance with the Protocol on
Information Exchange as armoured personnel carriers.
3. Existing types of artillery are:
[Column One]
105mm: 105 Light Gun
M-18
105 Krupp Gun
105 R Metal Gun
105 Pack How
M 56 Pack How
M 101 Towed How
Abbot SP Gun
M108 SP How
M52 SP How
105 HM-2 How
M-38 Gun (Skoda)
105 AU 50 How
R58/M26 Towed How
122mm: 122/46 Field Gun
D30 How
M-30 How
2S1 SP How
130mm: M 46 Gun
140mm: 5.5" (139.7mm)
Towed How
150mm: 150 Skoda Gun
152mm: D20 Gun-How
2S3 SP How
155mm: M114 Towed How
M114/39 (M-139)
Towed How
FH-70 Towed How
M109 SP How
M198 Towed How
How Model 1938
155 TRF1 Gun
155 AUF1 Gun
155 AMF3 Gun
155 BF50 Gun
M44 SP How
M59 Towed Gun
SP70 SP How
175mm: M107 SP Gun
203mm: M115 Towed How
M110 SP How
M55 SP How
{Column Two}
100mm: BS-3 Field Gun
Model 53 Field Gun
105 Krupp Gun
Skoda How (Model 1939)
105mm: Schneider Field Gun
M102 Towed How (Model 1936)
120mm: 2B16 How
2S9 SP How
122mm: D30 How
M 30 How
D74 How
2S1 SP How
A19 Gun (Model 31/37)
Model 89 SP How
130mm: Gun 82
M-46 Gun
150mm: Skoda How (Model 1934)
152mm: D1 How
2S3 SP How
2A65 How
ML20 How-Gun
2S3 SP How
D20 Gun-How
Gun 81
2A36 Gun
Dana SP Gun-How M77
2S5 SP Gun
2S19 SP How
Gun-How 85
How 81
203mm: B4 How
2S7 SP Gun
(B) Mortars:
{Column One}
107mm: 4.2" (ground mounted or on M106 armoured vehicle)
120mm: Brandt (M60, M-120-60;
SLM-120-AM-50)
M120 RTF 1
M120 M51
Soltam/Tampella(ground mounted or on M113
armoured vehicle)
Ecia Mod L (ground mounted M-L or mounted on either
the BMR-600 or M113 armoured vehicle)
HY12 (Tosam)
2B11 (2S12)
{Column Two}
107mm: Mortar M-1938
120mm: 2B11 (2S12)
M 120 Model 38/43
Tundzha/Tundzha Sani SP Mortar (mounted on MT-LB)
Mortar Model 1982
B-24
160mm: M160
240mm: M240
2S4 SP Mortar
(C) Multiple Launch Rocket Systems:
{Column One}
110mm: LARS
122mm: BM-21
RM-70
140mm: Teruel MLAS
227mm: MLRS
{Column Two}
122mm: BM-21 (BM-21-1, BM- 21V)
RM-70
APR-21
APR-40
130mm: M-51
RM-130
BM-13
R.2
140mm: BM-14
220mm: BM-22/27
240mm: BM-24
280mm: Uragan 9P140
300mm: Smerch
All models and versions of an existing type of artillery listed
above shall be deemed to be artillery of that type.
4. Existing types of combat aircraft are:
{Column One} {Column Two}
A-7 IAR-93
A-10 IL-28
Alpha Jet A MiG-15
AM-X MiG-17
Buccaneer MiG-21
Canberra MiG-23
Draken MiG-25
F-4 MiG-27
F-5 MiG-29
F-15 MiG-31
F-16 SU-7
F-18 SU-15
F-84 SU-17
F-102 SU-20
F-104 SU-22
F-111 SU-24
G-91 SU-25
Harrier SU-27
Hunter TU-16
Jaguar TU-22
Lightning TU-22M
MiG-21 TU-128
MiG-23 Yak-28
MiG-29
MB-339
Mirage F1
Mirage III
Mirage IV
Mirage V
Mirage 2000
SU-22
Tornado
All models or versions of an existing type of combat aircraft
listed above shall be deemed to be combat aircraft of that type.
5. Existing types of attack helicopters are:
(A) Specialised Attack Helicopters:
A-129 Mangusta
Mi-24
AH-1 Cobra
AH-64 Apache
Mi-24
Subject to the provisions in Section I, paragraph 3 of the
Protocol on Helicopter Recategorisation, all models or versions of
an existing type of specialised attack helicopter listed above shall
be deemed to be specialised attack helicopters of that type.
(B) Multi-Purpose Attack Helicopters:
A-109 Hirundo
IAR-316
Alouette III
Mi-8/Mi-17
BO-105/PAH-1
Fennec AS 550 C-2
Gazell
Lynx
Mi-8
OH-58 Kiowa/AB-206/CH-136
Scout
Wessex
Subject to the provisions in Section I, paragraphs 4 and 5 of
the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorisation, all models or versions
of an existing type of multi-purpose attack helicopter listed above
shall be deemed to be multi-purpose attack helicopters of that type.
Section II. Existing Types of Conventional Armaments and
Equipment Not Limited by the Treaty
1. Existing types of armoured personnel carrier look-alikes are:
YPR-765 MILAN BTR-40 CP
CP
PRCOC1 BTR-50 PU
PRCOC2 PUM
PRCOC4 P
PRCOC5 PUR 82
PRMR PK (MRF)
UR-67
AMX-13 VTT MILAN PK (B)
PC MTP-1
BTR-152 CP
M113 MILAN
A1/A2(ATGW) BTR-60 PU
E/W TOW PU-12/PA PU-12
ARTFC PAU
ARTOBS BBS
FACONT ABS
MORTFC R-137 B
A1E R-140 BM
Mortar Carrier R-145
SIG R-156
HFTRSM R-409 BM
CP P-238BT
CPSVC P-240BT
A1CP P-241BT
A1ECP E-351BR
4.2"/M106 A1 4.2" R-975
M106 81mm MTP-2
M-125 81mm 1V18, 1V19
M125 A1 81mm 1V118
M125 A2 81mm B
NM-125 81mm
BTR-70 KShM
TPz-1 FUCHS HFTRSM SPR-2
AD CP BREM
CP ZS-88
ENGRCP Kh
ELOKA
NBC BTR-80 1V119
RASIT RCHM-4
M59 CP BTR-D ZD
RD
LEONIDAS 1
OT-62(TOPAS) CP
VAB PC WPT/DPT-62
BREM
BMR-600 SIG R-2M
PC R-3M
81mm R-3MT
R-4MT
SPARTAN STRIKER
SAMSON OT-64(SKOT) CP
CP R-3Z
JAVELIN R-2M
MILAN R-3MT
R-4
SAXON AD R-4MT
CP R-2AM
MAINT PROPAGANDA
R-4M
AFV 432 CP/RA R-6
81mm WPT/DR-64
CYMB BREM
AFV 435 S-260 inz.
AFV 436 S-260 art.
AFV 439
OT-810 OT-810/R-112
HUMBER SQUIRT
OT 90 VP 90
SARACEN SQUIRT
CP FUG D-442 VS
ADR MRP
OT-65/R-112
YP 408 PWMR OT-65 DP
PWCO OT-65 CH
PWAT
PWRDR PSZH D-944 CP
PWV
MT-LB AT
BTR-50 PU KShM-R-81
PK(MRF) R-80
PK(B) 9S743
PI
BTR-60 PU-12/PA PU-12 1W-13-16
BBS 1W-21-25
ABS 1W-12
R-137B MP-21-25
R-140BM AFMS
R-145 R-381T
R-156 R-409 BM Beta 3M
P-238 BT SPR-1
P-240 BT WPT/DTP
P-241 BT BREM
B TRI
MTP-LB
MT-LB PI BRM Sova/
MP-21-25 BRM 30
1W-13-16
TAB-71 A
R-381 T TERA-71-L
R-330 P AR
Beta 3M
MTP-LB TAB-77 A
TERA-77-L
RCH-84
PCOMA
TABC-79 AR
A-POMA
TAB TCG-80
MLVM AR
2. Existing types of armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-
alikes are:
WARRIOR RA BMP-1 KSh
REP 9S743
REC PRP-3, -4
MP-31
BMP-1 MTP B
MP-31 SVO
DTB-80
VPV
IRM
MTP
BREM-4, -2, -D
BMD-1 KSh
BRM-1 KSh
3. Existing types of primary trainer aircraft which are
designed and constructed for primary flying training and which may
possess only limited armament capability necessary for basic
training in weapon delivery techniques are:
Alpha Jet E I-22
C-101 Aviojet IAR-99
Fouga L-29
Hawk L-39
Jet Provost TS-11
L-39
MB-326
PD-808
T-2
T-33/CT-133
T-37
T-38
4. Existing types of combat support helicopters are:
A-109 Hirundo IAR-316
AB-412 IAR-330
Alouette II Mi-2
Alouette III Mi-6
Blackhawk Mi-8/Mi-17
Bell 47/AB 47/Sioux
BO-105
CH53
Chinook
Fennec AS 555 A
Hughes 300
Hughes 500/OH-6
Mi-8
OH-58 Kiowa/AB-206/CH-136
Puma
UH-1A/1B/AB-204
UH-1D/1H/AB-205
UH-1N/AB-212
Wessex
5. Existing types of unarmed transport helicopters which are
not equipped for the employment of weapons are:
AB 47 Mi-2
AB-412 Mi-26
Alouette II SA-365N Dauphin
CH53 W-3 Sokol
Chinook
Cougar AS 532 U
Dauphin AS 365 N1
Hughes 300
NH 500
Puma
Sea King/H-3F/HAR 3
SH-3D
UH-1D/1H/AB-205
UH-1N/AB-212
6. Existing types of armoured vehicle launched bridges are:
M47 AVLB MTU
M48 AVLB MT-20
M60 AVLB MT-55A
Centurion AVLB MTU-72
Chieftain AVLB BLG-60
Brueckenlege-panzer Biber/
Leopard 1 AVLB BLG-67M
BLG-67M2
Section III. Technical Data and Photographs
1. Technical data, in accordance with the agreed categories in
the Annex to this Protocol, together with photographs presenting
the right or left side, top and front views for each of its existing
types of conventional armaments and equipment listed in Sections I
and II of this Protocol shall be provided by each State Party to all
other States Parties at the signature of the Treaty. In addition,
photographs of armoured personnel carrier look-alikes and armoured
infantry fighting vehicle look-alikes shall include a view of such
vehicles so as to show clearly their internal configuration
illustrating the specific characteristic which distinguishes this
particular vehicle as a look-alike. Photographs in addition to those
required by this paragraph may be provided at the discretion of each
State Party.
2. Each existing type of conventional armaments and
equipment listed in Sections I and II of this Protocol shall have a
model or version of that type designated as an exemplar.
Photographs shall be provided for each such designated exemplar
pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Section. Photographs shall not be
required of models and versions of a type that have no significant
externally observable differences from the exemplar of that type.
The photographs of each exemplar of a type shall contain an
annotation of the existing type designation and national
nomenclature for all models and versions of the type that the
photographs of the exemplar represent. The photographs of each
exemplar of a type shall contain an annotation of the technical data
for that type in accordance with the agreed categories in the Annex
to this Protocol. In addition, the annotation shall indicate all
models and versions of the type that the photographs of the
exemplar represent. Such technical data shall be annotated on the
side view photograph
Section IV. Updates of Existing Types Lists and Obligations
of the State Parties
1. This Protocol constitutes agreement by the States Parties
only with respect to existing types of conventional armaments and
equipment as well as with respect to the categories of technical
data set forth in Sections I and II of the Annex to this Protocol.
2. Each State Party shall be responsible for the accuracy of
technical data for only its own conventional armaments and
equipment provided in accordance with Section III of this Protocol.
3. Each State Party shall notify all other States Parties, upon
the entry into service with the armed forces of that State Party
within the area of application, of: (a) any new type of conventional
armaments and equipment which meets one of the definitions in
Article II of the Treaty or which falls under a category listed in
this Protocol, and (b) any new model or version of a type listed in
this Protocol. At the same time, each State Party shall provide all
other States Parties with the technical data and photographs
required by Section III of this Protocol.
4. As soon as possible, and in any case no later than 60 days
following a notification pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Section, the
States Parties shall initiate update actions, in accordance with the
provisions set forth in Article XVI of the Treaty and the Protocol on
the Joint Consultative Group, for the lists of existing types of
conventional armaments and equipment in Sections I and II of this
Protocol.
Annex to the Protocol on Existing Types of Conventional
Armaments and Equipment
Section I. Agreed Categories of Technical Data
The following are agreed categories of technical data for each
model and version of existing types of conventional armaments and
equipment:
1. Battle Tanks
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Main Gun Calibre
Unladen Weight
2. Armoured Combat Vehicles
Armoured Personnel Carriers
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Type and Calibre of Armaments, if any
Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicles
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Type and Calibre of Armaments
Heavy Armament Combat Vehicles
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Main Gun Calibre
Unladen Weight
3. Artillery
Guns, Howitzers and Artillery Pieces Combining the
Characteristics of Guns and Howitzers
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Calibre
Mortars
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Calibre
Multiple Launch Rocket Systems
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Calibre
4. Combat Aircraft
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
5. Attack Helicopters
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
6. Armoured Personnel Carrier Look-Alikes
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Type and Calibre of Armaments, if any
7. Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle Look-Alikes
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Type and Calibre of Armaments, if any
8. Primary Trainer Aircraft
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
Type of Armaments, if any
9. Combat Support Helicopters
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
10. Unarmed Transport Helicopters
Existing Type
National Nomenclature
11. Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridges
National Nomenclature
Section II. Specifications for Photographs
Photographs provided pursuant to Section III of this Protocol
shall be in black and white. The use of flash and lighting equipment
shall be allowed. The object being photographed shall contrast with
the background of the photograph. All photographs shall be of high
definition, with continuous tone and in sharp focus. Photographs
measuring 13 centimetres by 18 centimetres, not including a
border, shall be provided. For aspects other than overhead, all
photographs shall be taken from the same level as the equipment
being photographed, with the camera placed along or perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the object being photographed; for the
top view, photographs shall show the top and may show the rear
aspects of the equipment. The object being photographed shall fill
at least 80 percent of the photograph in either horizontal or
vertical aspect. A reference gauge shall be included in each
photograph together with the object. The gauge shall have
alternating half-metre sections in black and white. It shall be long
enough to provide accurate scaling and shall be placed on or against
the object or in close proximity to it. Each photograph shall be
labelled to provide the information required by Section III,
paragraph 2 of this Protocol as well as the date when the
photograph was taken.
Protocol on Procedures Governing the Reclassification of
Specific Models or Versions of Combat-Capable Trainer Aircraft
Into Unarmed Trainer Aircraft
The States Parties hereby agree upon procedures and provisions
governing total disarming and certification of the unarmed status
of specific models or versions of combat-capable trainer aircraft in
accordance with Article VIII of the Treaty on Conventional Armed
Forces in Europe of November 19, 1990, hereinafter referred to as
the Treaty.
Section I. General Provisions
1. Each State Party shall have the right to remove from the
numerical limitations on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI of
the Treaty only those specific models or versions of combat-
capable trainer aircraft listed in Section II, paragraph 1 of this
Protocol in accordance with the procedures set forth in this
Protocol.
(A) Each State Party shall have the right to remove from the
numerical limitations on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI of
the Treaty individual aircraft of the specific models or versions
listed in Section II, paragraph 1 of this Protocol that have any of
the components set forth in Section III, paragraphs 1 and 2 of this
Protocol only by total disarming and certification.
(B) Each State Party shall have the right to remove from
the numerical limitations on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI
of the Treaty individual aircraft of the specific models or versions
listed in Section II, paragraph 1 of this Protocol that do not have
any of the components set forth in Section III, paragraphs 1 and 2 of
this Protocol by certification alone.
2. Models or versions of combat-capable trainer aircraft
listed in Section II of this Protocol may be disarmed and certified,
or certified alone, within 40 months after entry into force of the
Treaty. Such aircraft shall count against the numerical limitations
on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI of the Treaty until such
aircraft have been certified as unarmed in accordance with the
procedures set forth in Section IV of this Protocol. Each State
Party shall have the right to remove from the numerical limitations
on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI of the Treaty no more than
550 such aircraft, of which no more than 130 shall be of the MiG-
25U model or version.
3. No later than entry into force of the Treaty, each State
Party shall notify all other States Parties of:
(A) the total number of each specific model or version of
combat-capable trainer aircraft that the State Party intends to
disarm and certify in accordance with Section I, paragraph 1,
subparagraph (A), Section III and Section IV of this Protocol; and
(B) the total number of each specific model or version of
combat-capable trainer aircraft that the State Party intends to
certify alone, in accordance with Section I, paragraph 1,
subparagraph (B) and Section IV of this Protocol.
4. Each State Party shall use whatever technological means it
deems necessary to implement the total disarming procedures set
forth in Section III of this Protocol.
Section II. Models or Versions of Combat-Capable Trainer Aircraft
Eligible for Total Disarming and Certification
1. Each State Party shall have the right to remove from the
numerical limitations on combat aircraft in Articles IV and VI of
the Treaty in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol only
the following specific models or versions of combat-capable
trainer aircraft:
SU-15U
SU-17U
MiG-15U
MiG-21U
MiG-23U
MiG-25U
UIL-28
2. The foregoing list of specific models or versions of
combat-capable trainer aircraft is final and not subject to revision.
Section III. Procedures for Total Disarming
1. Models or versions of combat-capable trainer aircraft being
totally disarmed shall be rendered incapable of further employment
of any type of weapon system as well as further operation of
electronic warfare and reconnaissance systems by the removal of
the following components:
(A) provisions specifically for the attachment of weapon
systems, such as special hardpoints, launching devices, or weapon
mounting areas;
(B) units and panels of weapon control systems including
weapon selection, arming and firing or launching systems;
(C) units of aiming equipment and weapon guidance systems
not integral to navigation and flight control systems; and
(D) units and panels of electronic warfare and
reconnaissance systems including associated antennae.
2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this Section, any special
hardpoints which are integral to the aircraft, as well as any special
elements of general purpose hardpoints which are designed for use
only with the components described in paragraph 1 of this Section,
shall be rendered incapable of further employment with such
systems. Electrical circuits of the weapon, electronic warfare, and
reconnaissance systems described in paragraph 1 of this Section
shall be rendered incapable of further employment by removal of the
wiring or, if that is not technically practicable, by cutting out
sections of the wiring in accessible areas.
3. Each State Party shall provide to all other States Parties
the following information, no less than 42 days in advance of the
total disarming of the first aircraft of each model or version of
combat-capable trainer aircraft listed in Section II of this
Protocol:
(A) a basic block diagram portraying all major components
of weapon systems including aiming equipment and weapon guidance
systems, provisions designed for the attachment of weapons as
well as components of electronic warfare and reconnaissance
systems, the basic function of the components described in
paragraph 1 of this Section, and the functional connections of such
components to each other;
(B) a general description of the disarming process including
a list of components to be removed; and
(C) a photograph of each component to be removed
illustrating its position in the aircraft prior to its removal, and a
photograph of the same position after the corresponding component
has been removed.
Section IV. Procedures for Certification
1. Each State Party that intends to disarm and certify, or
certify alone, models or versions of combat-capable trainer
aircraft shall comply with the following certification procedures in
order to ensure that such aircraft do not possess any of the
components listed in Section III, paragraphs 1 and 2 of this
Protocol.
2. Each State Party shall notify all other States Parties in
accordance with Section IX, paragraph 3 of the Protocol on
Inspection of each certification. In the event of the first
certification of an aircraft that does not require total disarming,
the State Party that intends to conduct the certification shall
provide to all other States Parties the information required in
Section III, paragraph 3, subparagraphs (A), (B) and (C) of this
Protocol for an armed model or version of the same aircraft type.
3. Each State Party shall have the right to inspect the
certification of combat-capable trainer aircraft in accordance with
Section IX of the Protocol on Inspection.
4. The process of total disarming and certification, or
certification alone, shall be deemed completed when the
certification procedures set forth in this Section have been
completed regardless of whether any State Party exercises the
certification inspection rights described in paragraph 3 of this
Section and Section IX of the Protocol on Inspection, provided that
within 30 days of receipt of the notification of completion of the
certification and reclassification provided pursuant to paragraph 5
of this Section no State Party has notified all other States Parties
that it considers that there is an ambiguity relating to the
certification and reclassification process. In the event of such an
ambiguity being raised, such reclassification shall not be deemed
complete until the matter relating to the ambiguity is resolved.
5. The State Party conducting the certification shall notify all
other States Parties in accordance with Section IX of the Protocol
on Inspection of completion of the certification.
6. Certification shall be conducted in the area of application.
States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties shall
have the right to share locations for certification.
Section V. Procedures for Information Exchange and
Verification
All models or versions of combat-capable trainer aircraft
certified as unarmed shall be subject to information exchange, in
accordance with the provisions of the Protocol on Information
Exchange, and verification, including inspection, in accordance with
the Protocol on Inspection.
Protocol on Procedures Governing the Reduction of
Conventional Armaments and Equipment Limited by the Treaty on
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
The States Parties hereby agree upon procedures governing the
reduction of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty as set forth in Article VIII of the Treaty on Conventional
Armed Forces in Europe of November 19, 1990, hereinafter referred
to as the Treaty.
Section I. General Requirements for Reduction
1. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the
Treaty shall be reduced in accordance with the procedures set forth
in this Protocol and the other protocols listed in Article VIII,
paragraph 1 of the Treaty. Any one of such procedures shall be
deemed sufficient, when conducted in accordance with the
provisions of Article VIII of the Treaty or this Protocol, to carry
out reduction.
2. Each State Party shall have the right to use any
technological means it deems appropriate to implement the
procedures for reducing conventional armaments and equipment
limited by the Treaty.
3. Each State Party shall have the right to remove, retain and
use those components and parts of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty which are not themselves subject
to reduction in accordance with the provisions of Section II of this
Protocol, and to dispose of debris.
4. Unless otherwise provided for in this Protocol, conventional
armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty shall be reduced so
as to preclude their further use or restoration for military
purposes.
5. After entry into force of the Treaty, additional procedures
for reduction may be proposed by any State Party. Such proposals
shall be communicated to all other States Parties and shall provide
the details of such procedures in the same format as the procedures
set forth in this Protocol. Any such procedures shall be deemed
sufficient to carry out the reduction of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty upon a decision to that effect by
the Joint Consultative Group.
Section II. Standards for Reduction at Presentation
Sites
1. Each item of conventional armaments and equipment limited
by the Treaty which is to be reduced shall be presented at a
reduction site. Each such item shall consist, at a minimum, of the
following parts and elements:
(A) for battle tanks: the hull, turret and integral main
armament. For the purposes of this Protocol, an integral main
armament of a battle tank shall be deemed to include the gun tube,
breech system, trunnions and trunnion mounts;
(B) for armoured combat vehicles: the hull, turret and integral
main armament, if any. For the purposes of this Protocol, an
integral main armament of an armoured combat vehicle shall be
deemed to include the gun tube, breech system, trunnions and
trunnion mounts. For the purposes of this Protocol, an integral main
armament shall be deemed not to include machine guns of less than
20 millimetre calibre, all of which may be salvaged;
(C) for artillery: the tube, breech system, cradle including
trunnions and trunnion mounts, trails, if any; or launcher tubes or
launcher rails and their bases; or mortar tubes and their base
plates. In the case of self-propelled pieces of artillery, the vehicle
hull and turret, if any, shall also be presented;
(D) for combat aircraft: the fuselage; and
(E) for attack helicopters: the fuselage, including the
transmission mounting area.
2. In each case, the item presented at the reduction site in
accordance with paragraph 1 of this Section shall consist of a
complete assembly.
3. Parts and elements of conventional armaments and
equipment limited by the Treaty not specified in paragraph 1 of this
Section, as well as parts and elements which are not affected by
reduction under the procedures of this Protocol, including the
turrets of armoured personnel carriers equipped only with machine
guns, may be disposed of as the State Party undertaking the
reduction decides.
Section III. Procedures for Reduction of Battle Tanks by
Destruction
1. Each State Party shall have the right to choose any one of
the following sets of procedures each time it carries out the
destruction of battle tanks at reduction sites.
2. Procedure for destruction by severing:
(A) removal of special equipment from the chassis, including
detachable equipment, that ensures the operation of on-board
armament systems;
(B) removal of the turret, if any;
(C) for the gun breech system, either:
(1) welding the breech block to the breech ring in at least two
places; or
(2) cutting of at least one side of the breech ring along the
long axis of the cavity that receives the breech block;
(D) severing of the gun tube into two parts at a distance of no
more than 100 millimetres from the breech ring;
(E) severing of either of the gun trunnions and its trunnion
mount in the turret;
(F) severing of two sections from the perimeter of the hull
turret aperture, each constituting a portion of a sector with an
angle of no less than 60 degrees and, at a minimum, 200
millimetres in radial axis, centred on the longitudinal axis of the
vehicle; and
(G) severing of sections from both sides of the hull which
include the final drive apertures, by vertical and horizontal cuts in
the side plates and diagonal cuts in the deck or belly plates and
front or rear plates, so that the final drive apertures are contained
in the severed portions.
3. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition:
(A) hull, hatches and cornerplates shall be open to maximise
venting;
(B) an explosive charge shall be placed inside the gun tube
where the trunnions connect to the gun mount or cradle;
(C) an explosive charge shall be placed on the outside of the
hull between the second and third road wheels, or between the third
and fourth road wheels in a six road wheel configuration, avoiding
natural weaknesses such as welds or escape hatches. The charge
must be located within the radius of the turret casting. A second
charge shall be placed on the inside of the hull on the same side of
the tank, offset and opposite to the external charge;
(D) an explosive charge shall be placed on the inside of the
turret casting in the area of the main armament mounting; and
(E) all charges shall be fired simultaneously so that the main
hull and turret are cracked and distorted; the breech block is
stripped from the gun tube, fused or deformed; the gun tube is split
or longitudinally cut; the gun mount or cradle is ruptured so as to be
unable to mount a gun tube; and damage is caused to the running
gear so that at least one of the road wheel stations is destroyed.
4. Procedure for destruction by deformation:
(A) removal of special equipment from the chassis, including
detachable equipment, that ensures the operation of on-board
armament systems;
(B) removal of the turret, if any;
(C) for the gun breech system, either:
(1) welding the breech block to the breech ring in at least two
places; or
(2) cutting of at least one side of the breech ring along the
long axis of the cavity that receives the breech block;
(D) severing of the gun tube into two parts at a distance of no
more than 100 millimetres from the breech ring;
(E) severing of either of the gun trunnions; and
(F) the hull and turret shall be deformed so that their widths
are each reduced by at least 20 percent.
5. Procedure for destruction by smashing:
(A) a heavy steel wrecking ball, or the equivalent, shall be
dropped repeatedly onto the hull and turret until the hull is cracked
in at least three separate places and the turret in at least one
place;
(B) the hits of the ball on the turret shall render either of the
gun trunnions and its trunnion mount inoperative, and deform visibly
the breech ring; and
(C) the gun tube shall be visibly cracked or bent.
Section IV. Procedures for the Reduction of Armoured
Combat Vehicles by Destruction
1. Each State Party shall have the right to choose any of the
following sets of procedures each time it carries out the
destruction of armoured combat vehicles at reduction sites.
2. Procedure for destruction by severing:
(A) for all armoured combat vehicles, removal of special
equipment from the chassis, including detachable equipment, that
ensures the operation of on-board armament systems;
(B) for tracked armoured combat vehicles, severing of
sections from both sides of the hull which include the final drive
apertures, by vertical and horizontal cuts in the side plates and
diagonal cuts in the deck or belly plates and front or rear plates, so
that the final drive apertures are contained in the severed portions;
(C) for wheeled armoured combat vehicles, severing of
sections from both sides of the hull which include the front wheel
final gearbox mounting areas by vertical, horizontal and irregular
cuts in the side, front, deck and belly plates so that the front wheel
final gearbox mounting areas are included in the severed portions at
a distance of no less than 100 millimetres from the cuts; and
(D) in addition, for armoured infantry fighting vehicles and
heavy armament combat vehicles:
(1) removal of the turret;
(2) severing of either of the gun trunnions and its trunnion
mount in the turret;
(3) for the gun breech system:
(a) welding the breech block to the breech ring in at
least two places;
(b) cutting of at least one side of the breech ring along
the long axis of the cavity that receives the breech block; or
(c) severing of the breech casing into two
approximately equal parts;
(4) severing of the gun tube into two parts at a distance of no
more than 100 millimetres from the breech ring; and
(5) severing of two sections from the perimeter of the hull
turret aperture, each constituting a portion of a sector with an
angle of no less than 60 degrees and, at a minimum, 200
millimetres in radial axis, centred on the longitudinal axis of the
vehicle.
3. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition:
(A) an explosive charge shall be placed on the interior floor at
the mid-point of the vehicle;
(B) a second explosive charge shall be placed as follows:
(1) for heavy armament combat vehicles, inside the gun where
the trunnions connect to the gun mount or cradle;
(2) for armoured infantry fighting vehicles, on the exterior of
the receiver/breech area and lower barrel group;
(C) all hatches shall be secured; and
(D) the charges shall be detonated simultaneously so as to
split the sides and top of the hull. For heavy armament combat
vehicles and armoured infantry fighting vehicles, damage to the gun
system shall be equivalent to that specified in paragraph 2,
subparagraph (D) of this Section.
4. Procedure for destruction by smashing:
(A) a heavy steel wrecking ball, or the equivalent, shall be
dropped repeatedly onto the hull and the turret, if any, until the hull
is cracked in at least three separate places and the turret, if any, in
one place;
(B) in addition, for heavy armament combat vehicles:
(1) the hits of the ball on the turret shall render either of the
gun trunnions and its trunnion mount inoperative, and shall deform
visibly the breech ring; and
(2) the gun tube shall be visibly cracked or bent.
Section V. Procedures for the Reduction of Artillery by
Destruction
1. Each State Party shall have the right to choose any one of
the following sets of procedures each time it carries out the
destruction of guns, howitzers, artillery pieces combining the
characteristics of guns and howitzers, multiple launch rocket
systems or mortars at reduction sites.
2. Procedure for destruction by severing of guns, howitzers,
artillery pieces combining the characteristics of guns and
howitzers, or mortars, that are not self-propelled:
(A) removal of special equipment, including detachable
equipment, that ensures the operation of the gun, howitzer,
artillery piece combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers
or mortar;
(B) for the breech system, if any, of the gun, howitzer,
artillery piece combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers
or mortar, either:
(1) welding the breech block to the breech ring in at
least two places; or
(2) cutting of at least one side of the breech ring along
the long axis of the cavity that receives the breech block;
(C) severing of the tube into two parts at a distance of no
more than 100 millimetres from the breech ring;
(D) severing of the left trunnion of the cradle and the
mounting area of that trunnion in the upper carriage; and
(E) severing of the trails, or the base plate of the mortar, into
two approximately equal parts.
3. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition of guns,
howitzers, or artillery pieces combining the characteristics of guns
and howitzers that are not self-propelled:
(A) explosive charges shall be placed in the tube, on one cradle
mount in the upper carriage and on the trails, and detonated so that:
(1) the tube is split or longitudinally torn within 1.5 metres
of the breech;
(2) the breech block is torn off, deformed or partially melted;
(3) the attachments between the tube and the breech ring and
between one of the trunnions of the cradle and the upper carriage
are destroyed or sufficiently damaged to make them further
inoperative; and
(4) the trails are separated into two approximately equal
parts or sufficiently damaged to make them further inoperative.
4. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition of
mortars that are not self-propelled:
explosive charges shall be placed in the mortar tube and on the
base plate so that, when the charges are detonated, the mortar tube
is ruptured in its lower half and the base plate is severed into two
approximately equal parts.
5. Procedure for destruction by deformation of mortars that
are not self-propelled:
(A) the mortar tube shall be visibly bent approximately at its
mid-point; and
(B) the base plate shall be bent approximately on the
centreline at an angle of at least 45 degrees.
6. Procedure for destruction by severing of self-propelled
guns, howitzers, artillery pieces combining the characteristics of
guns and howitzers or mortars:
(A) removal of special equipment, including detachable
equipment, that ensures the operation of the gun, howitzer,
artillery piece combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers
or mortar;
(B) for the breech system, if any, of the gun, howitzer,
artillery piece combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers
or mortar, either:
(1) welding the breech block to the breech ring in at least two
places; or
(2) cutting of at least one side of the breech ring along the
long axis of the cavity that receives the breech block;
(C) severing of the tube into two parts at a distance of no
more than 100 millimetres from the breech ring;
(D) severing of the left trunnion and trunnion mount; and
(E) severing of sections of both sides from the hull which
include the final drive apertures, by vertical and horizontal cuts in
the side plates and diagonal cuts in the deck or belly plates and
front or rear plates, so that the final drive apertures are contained
in the severed portions.
7. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition of self-
propelled guns, howitzers, artillery pieces combining the
characteristics of guns and howitzers or mortars:
(A) for self-propelled guns, howitzers, artillery pieces
combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers or mortars
with a turret: the method specified for battle tanks in Section III,
paragraph 3 of this Protocol shall be applied in order to achieve
results equivalent to those specified in that provision; and
(B) for self-propelled guns, howitzers, artillery pieces
combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers or mortars
without a turret: an explosive charge shall be placed in the hull
under the forward edge of the traversing deck that supports the
tube, and detonated so as to separate the deck plate from the hull.
For the destruction of the weapon system, the method specified for
guns, howitzers, or artillery pieces combining the characteristics
of guns and howitzers in paragraph 3 of this Section shall be
applied in order to achieve results equivalent to those specified in
that provision.
8. Procedure for destruction by smashing of self-propelled
guns, howitzers, artillery pieces combining the characteristics of
guns and howitzers or mortars:
(A) a heavy steel wrecking ball, or the equivalent, shall be
dropped repeatedly onto the hull and turret, if any, until the hull is
cracked in at least three separate places and the turret in at least
one place;
(B) the hits of the ball on the turret shall render either of the
trunnions and its trunnion mount inoperative, and deform visibly the
breech ring; and
(C) the tube shall be visibly cracked or bent at approximately
its mid-point.
9. Procedure for destruction by severing of multiple launch
rocket systems:
(A) removal of special equipment from the multiple launch
rocket system, including detachable equipment, that ensures the
operation of its combat systems; and
(B) removal of tubes or launch rails, screws (gears) of
elevation mechanism sectors, tube bases or launch rail bases and
their rotatable parts and severing them into two approximately
equal parts in areas that are not assembly joints.
10. Procedure for destruction by explosive demolition of
multiple launch rocket systems:
a linear shaped charge shall be placed across the tubes or
launcher rails, and tube or launcher rail bases. When detonated, the
charge shall sever the tubes or launcher rails, tube or launcher rail
bases and their rotatable parts, into two approximately equal parts
in areas that are not assembly joints.
11. Procedure for destruction by deformation of multiple
launch rocket systems: all tubes or launcher rails, tube or launcher
rail bases and the sighting system shall be visibly bent at
approximately the mid-point.
Section VI. Procedures for the Reduction of Combat Aircraft
by Destruction
1. Each State Party shall have the right to choose any one of
the following sets of procedures each time it carries out the
destruction of combat aircraft at reduction sites.
2. Procedure for destruction by severing:
the fuselage of the aircraft shall be divided into three parts
not on assembly joints by severing its nose immediately forward of
the cockpit and its tail in the central wing section area so that
assembly joints, if there are any in the areas to be severed, shall be
contained in the severed portions.
3. Procedure for destruction by deformation:
the fuselage shall be deformed throughout by compression, so
that its height, width or length is reduced by at least 30 percent.
4. Procedure for destruction by use as target drones:
(A) each State Party shall have the right to reduce by use as
target drones no more than 200 combat aircraft during the 40-
month reduction period;
(B) the target drone shall be destroyed in flight by munitions
fired by the armed forces of the State Party owning the target
drone;
(C) if the attempt to shoot down the target drone fails and it
is subsequently destroyed by a self-destruct mechanism, the
procedures of this paragraph shall continue to apply. Otherwise the
target drone may be recovered or may be claimed destroyed by
accident in accordance with Section IX of this Protocol, depending
on the circumstances; and
(D) notification of destruction shall be made to all other
States Parties. Such notification shall include the type of the
destroyed target drone and the location where it was destroyed.
Within 90 days of the notification, the State Party claiming such
reduction shall send documentary evidence, such as a report of the
investigation, to all other States Parties. In the event of
ambiguities relating to the destruction of a particular target drone,
reduction shall not be considered complete until final resolution of
the matter.
Section VII. Procedures for Reduction of Attack Helicopters
by Destruction
1. Each State Party shall have the right to choose any one of
the following sets of procedures each time it carries out the
destruction of attack heli